Report on Cultures Values

A culture’s values are attributes that demonstrate what most members of a culture believe in and that control their actions. Studies confirm that most values are learned. This report analyses some of the studies and explains the role played by culture in influencing crucial decision-making in business and the society. It explains the extent to which values are culture-specific. In addition, this report uses specific examples to illustrate that most values are culture-specific; however, it also illustrates that some values may be innate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Report on Culture’s Values specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some important findings show that values are culture-specific. Maloney (2009) carried out a research and discovered that human beings learn everything from others. In his book, Maloney says that human beings are not born with acquaintance or traits. He says we acquire them fro m our neighbourhood. Maloney argues that if a child were to be born in the United Kingdom and be exchanged with another in Ethiopia, he would grow to be a unique individual. For example, his diet, dressing, entertainment would be unique. The researcher say healthcare, living-conditions, and lifestyles may influence a person’s appearance, body functionality, and thoughts. He says that the environment in which a person lives determines his/her height. A part from genetics, an individual’s height is determined by quality of food, healthcare, physical environment, among others. Notably, the environment also determines the opinions and beliefs of an individual. Additionally, other researchers have said that human beings are social animals that depend on behavioural modification, which determine how they develop cognitively (Hofstede, 1980). Human beings are programmed to emulate actions from other cultures. However, it is also true that we cannot interfere with pre-existing interpersonal behaviours. Experts agree there are different programming layers that help to develop our character. Nevertheless, there are no people with the same programming. The difference mean even those living in the same environment cannot be completely identical. Everyone gathers information from different viewpoints. However, researchers also say that residents of an area often develop common values (Hofstede, 1980). They commonly develop behavioural aspects relating to religion, politics, ethnicity, and racism, among others. No one is born either a Christian or Muslim. Religious groups usually live in different regions. For example, when Muslims live in an area, Catholics will live in a different area. Children born and living in these areas usually emulate the same cultural values and behaviours. Children’s behaviours are influenced by circumstances in which they are born. A baby cannot be born with bad behaviours. A baby, therefore, is not born with bad characters. Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the same time, there are innate cultures. Holway(2012) says that the innate values form a natural moral sense that helps a person to recognize what is good or bad. The expert illustrates this by using an example of a child who says to another,’ come on, you promised’. This, he says, shows that children have natural moral sense. He explains that the statement appeals to the value of honesty, which people the world over would accept since they are born with natural values. Culture has influence on all values relating to social and economic aspects. In the heath sector, for example, it has contributed in shaping methodologies of treatment and communication that different communities prefer. Research shows that Asians and Pacific Islanders have cultural values that determine how they should be given medical attention. Their extended families have great influence on the treatment process. The key decision maker and representative is usually the oldest male in the family. They believe that the respect for the entire family is of more importance than that for an individual. The authority of the elderly is usually unquestioned. This culture does not entertain direct confrontation but advocates for harmony. Therefore, due to the need to respect the authority, there is often very little confrontation between patients and healthcare professionals. Nevertheless, lack of confrontation does not imply that patients always agree to comply with the doctor’s instructions (How Culture Influences Health Beliefs, n. d.). Cultural differences also have impact on business. Businesspersons often deal with cultural challenges while marketing their products. A cross-cultural analysis on the effect of culture on marketing revealed that implementation of public relations cannot succeed if the locals’ culture is not reco gnized. Pepsodent Company, for example, attempted to market its toothpaste in Southeastern Asia by emphasizing, â€Å"It whitens your teeth.†The marketing plan did not bear fruit. The problem is that it did not analyze the cross-cultural differences prior to beginning the work. It should have known that the natives love blackened teeth (Different Cultures – Different PR Campaigns, 2006). Business Communication in India is also influenced with cultural values of the locals. For example, Indians commonly do business with those that they trust. They understand the value communal trust. Therefore, it is advisable to go through third party introduction when you want to trade with them (India – Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette, n.d.). Evidently, researchers agree that most values are learned. A business can therefore develop its corporate culture by exposing its employees to the right trading environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Report on Culture’s Values specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Presentation of Report on Culture’s Values Introduction A culture’s values are attributes that show what most members of a culture believe in and guide their decisions Studies show that most valued are learned Learned Values Some researchers say human beings learn everything from others (Maloney, 2009) Maloney illustrates this by saying if a newborn baby in Ethiopia is transferred to the United Kingdom, he/she will adopt unique values that do not conform to those of native Ethiopians. According to Hofstede(1980), human beings are social animals.- they depend on behavioural modification to live. Naturally, they are programmed to copy lifestyles and actions from other social groups. One cannot interfere with pre-existing interpersonal behaviours- those dwelling in the same locations usually develop common values-but not completely similar values (Hofst ede, 1980). Commonly shared behavioural aspects include religion, political views, and racism – children born in the affected regions usually copy the people’s lifestyles. Factors that influence change in cultural values are healthcare, living conditions, life-style, among others. Values that are not learned (innate values) A few scholars accept that there are innate values Holway(2012) says the values form natural moral sense. He adds that children understand the value of justice and honesty- they freely complain when other are denied justice. People the world over accept the values of honesty and justice- People accept the values everywhere because they are in born (Holway, 2012). Impact of Cultural Values Cultural values influence decision making in all levels of life. Decision in the health, business, or education sector are influenced by cultural values Illustration of the Impact (Using different cultural groups) Asians have a culture that gives authority to leaders, therefore, undermining consultation efforts between doctors and patients. Pepsodent Company tried to mark it toothpaste in Southeastern Asia and failed.-Its marketers did not know the locals love to have black teeth. Business relations and communication in India reflects on the culture of honesty and mutual respect. A foreign investor ought to demonstrate honesty and trustworthiness to succeed Note: a few values are innate. A majority are learned. References Different Cultures – Different PR Campaigns. (2006). Free Online Dating Service SearchYourLove. Web. Hofstede, G. H. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work- Related Values. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. Holway, R. (2012). Becoming Achilles child-sacrifice, War, and Misrule in the Iliad and Beyond. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. How Culture Influences Health Beliefs. (n.d.). Euromed Info — Gesundheit und Vorsorge im ÃÅ"berblick. Web. India – Language, C ulture, Customs and Etiquette. (n.d.). Intercultural Communication . Web.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Maloney, M. (2009). Human Behavior. Web. This essay on Report on Culture’s Values was written and submitted by user Laurel Miles to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Margaret Sanger Biography - Birth Control Advocate

Margaret Sanger Biography - Birth Control Advocate Known for: advocating birth control and womens health Occupation: nurse, birth control advocateDates: September 14, 1879 - September 6, 1966 (Some sources, including Websters Dictionary of American Women and Contemporary Authors Online (2004) give her birth year as 1883.)Also Known as: Margaret Louise Higgins Sanger Margaret Sanger Biography Margaret Sanger was born in Corning, New York.   Her father was an Irish immigrant, and her mother an Irish-American.   Her father was a free-thinker and her mother a Roman Catholic.   She was one of eleven children, and blamed her mothers early death on both the familys poverty and her mothers frequent pregnancies and childbirths. So Margaret Higgins decided to avoid her mothers fate, becoming educated and having a career as a nurse.   She was working towards her nursing degree at White Plains Hospital in New York when she married an architect and left her training.   After she had three children, the couple decided to move to New York City.   There, they became involved in a circle of feminists and socialists.    In 1912, Sanger wrote a column on womens health and sexuality called What Every Girl Should Know for the Socialist Party paper, the  Call. She collected and published articles as What Every Girl Should Know (1916) and What Every Mother Should Know (1917).   Her 1924 article, The Case for Birth Control, was one of many articles she published. However, the  Comstock Act of 1873 was used to forbid distribution of birth control devices and information. Her article on venereal disease was declared obscene in 1913 and banned from the mails. In 1913 she went to Europe to escape arrest. When she returned from Europe, she applied her nursing education as a visiting nurse on the Lower East Side of New York City. In working with immigrant women in poverty, she saw many instances of women suffering and even dying from frequent pregnancies and childbirths, and also from miscarriages. She recognized that many women attempted to deal with unwanted pregnancies with self-induced abortions, often with tragic results to their own health and lives, affecting their ability to care for their families. She was forbidden under government censorship laws from providing information on contraception. In the radical middle-class circles in which she moved, many women were availing themselves of contraceptives, even if their distribution and information about them were banned by law. But in her work as a nurse, and influenced by Emma Goldman, she saw that poor women didnt have the same opportunities to plan their motherhood. She came to believe that unwanted pregnancy was the biggest barrier to a working class or poor womans freedom. She decided that the laws against information on contraception and distribution of contraceptive devices were unfair and unjust, and that she would confront them. She founded a paper, Woman Rebel, on her return. She was indicted for mailing obscenities, fled to Europe, and the indictment was withdrawn. In 1914 she founded the National Birth Control League which was taken over by Mary Ware Dennett and others while Sanger was in Europe. In 1916 (1917 according to some sources), Sanger set up the first birth control clinic in the United States and, the following year, was sent to the workhouse for creating a public nuisance. Her many arrests and prosecutions, and the resulting outcries, helped lead to changes in laws, giving doctors the right to give birth control advice (and later, birth control devices) to patients. Her first marriage, to architect William Sanger in 1902, ended in divorce in 1920. She was remarried in 1922 to J. Noah H. Slee, though she kept her by-then-famous (or infamous) name from her first marriage. In 1927 Sanger helped organize the first World Population Conference in Geneva. In 1942, after several organizational mergers and name changes, Planned Parenthood Federation came into being. Sanger wrote many books and articles on birth control and marriage, and an autobiography (the latter in 1938). Today, organizations and individuals which oppose abortion and, often, birth control, have charged Sanger with eugenicism and racism. Sangers supporters consider the charges exaggerated or false, or the quotes used taken out of context.

Financial Analysis on Nokia from 2008 to 2009 Research Paper

Financial Analysis on Nokia from 2008 to 2009 - Research Paper Example The Working Capital ratios indicate how well the company is able to manage its working capital. "The asset management ratios are also known as working capital ratios or the efficiency ratios. The aim is to measure how effectively the firm is managing its assets." (Netcom, n.d.)The following are some of the working capital ratios which indicate the efficiency of the company in managing its working capital. Liquidity ratio is defined "as a class of financial metrics that are used to determine a company's ability to pay off its short-term debts obligations.Generally, the higher the value of the ratio, the larger is the margin of safety that the company possesses to cover short-term debts." (Investopedia, 2009) The above table indicates that the company has efficiently managed its working capital during the year ending September 2009 as compared to the year 2008. Nokia is maintaining a comfortable current ratio and the current ratio of 1.5 implies that the company has sufficient current assets situation which will enable the company to meet its current liabilities without any problem. However, the company has increased its long-term debts during the year 2009 with the result that there is an increase in this ratio. This implies that the company will incur additional interest costs on borrowed funds. The cash flow to debts situation has therefore moved to an adverse situation in 2009 as co mpared to the earlier year. In 2008 the cash flow position of the company was comfortable enough to settle the short-term and long-term debts in just 7 months. Whereas, with the increase in long-term debts and the cash flow from operations it would take approximately 3.8 years for the company to settle the debts. This is not a good position from the equity shareholders' point of view. However, the purpose for which the long-term funds were mobilized is to be ascertained for a proper justification for the increase in debts. The number of days sales outstanding is another working capital ratio that indicates the efficiency of the working capital management of the company. This ratio has changed from the previous year figure of 70 days to 83 days. This implies that the company has not been able to collect the outstanding accounts receivable as efficiently as it was doing in 2008. However, the increase in credit sales might be another reason for the change in this ratio. When the company has offered more liberal credit terms to its distributors and dealers in order to boost its sales, that situation might have resulted in increased debtors and the consequent increase in the number of days sales outstanding. A weaker sales environment is indicated by the increase in the number of days inventory expressed as a ratio to the cost of goods sold. There is an accumulation of inventory due to lower sales which is indicated by the change in this ratio. Â  

Managing mobile platform proliferation and Smartphone market Dissertation

Managing mobile platform proliferation and Smartphone market fragmentation - Dissertation Example s Figure 1 Wordlwide Mobile Device Sales to End Users by Vendor in 2Q11 (Gartner, 2011) 17 Figure 2 Top Five Mobile Phone Vendors, Shipments, and Market Share, Q3 2011 (IDC, 2011) 19 Figure 3 Worldwide Smartphone Sales to End Users by Operating System (Gartner, 2008) 21 Figure 4 Worldwide Smartphone Sales to End Users by Operating System in 2Q11 (Gartner, 2011) 22 Figure 5 "Very Interested" App Developers for Each Platform (Appcelerator/IDC, 2011) 27 Figure 6 Fluctuations in the Interest of App Developers in Each Platform (Appcelerator/IDC, 2011) 28 Figure 7 Normalized Share of Smartphone Market (Appcelerator/IDC, 2011) 35 Introduction All major digital technologies and media today are geared up to go mobile, thus making the industry the fastest-growing on a global scale (Ahonen, 2011). Companies in this trillion-dollar industry experience greater growth and cut-throat competition. Product development and market acquisition are continuously occurring as existing markets demand for ne w features and applications, while emerging markets have become more receptive to mobile technology. Digital technologies such as computers, the internet and telecommunications are now on mobile devices. Meanwhile, everything that consumers need from entertainment (games, music, television, shopping) to necessities (banking and credit cards) has found a way to be instantly accessible. As a whole, the industry grew by 16.5% in the second quarter of 2011 as vendors shipped 428.7 million units; and12.8% in the third quarter with 393.7 million units shipped compared to 348.9 million units in the third quarter of 2010 (Business Wire, 2011). As of February 2011, there are 5.2 billion active, fully-paid mobile subscriptions, and 3.7 billion unique mobile phone users since most users own two or... From the research it can be comprehended that in a survey conducted by IDC among developers, they have stated that the most important goal for them is to have as much reach as possible. This may be a challenge in a fragmented market since different devices entail different user experiences. More so, these devices reflect the kind of apps that consumers are interested in. Developers cannot aim to write one software and wish it to succeed in a multitude of platforms and devices. First, consider user experience, target demographics and finally, device capabilities. For instance, the apps most popular in iPhone and Android phones are utilitarian in nature. iPad and Android tablets on the other hand leverage on the expanded screen in creating richer engagement. Proper targeting is important in the mobile developing field. Gone are the days when what only matters are the capabilities of the device. Developers must have a profound understanding of its user, user context, cost-benefit to the user and the company, target device and the limitations of the developer. According to IDC, the 2012 mobile industry will be shaped by new content ecosystems, new demographics and lower price points. Because of the fast changing environment, developers must be always updated with the latest not only in terms of technology, but strategic moves of the big players. These things will affect the development environment in the short term but more so in the long run.

The Indian Manufacturing Sector Performance Economics Essay

The Indian Manufacturing Sector Performance Economics Essay Chapter 2 Introduction The manufacturing sector performance has always been the focus of academic and polity debates and especially so in India, due to the deviation of the same from theorized behavior (Developmental theory of transition of economies). Even recently, in the discourse on the recession, its aftermath and revival, the highlight was the manufacturing sector performance, since it is seen to be on retreat (After the 2008 crisis, it regained momentum (from a drop of about 10 percentage points in 2008 09) in 2009 10 at 9.7% (simple average annual growth) but since then it has been on a decline and in 2011 12 it was at 2.5%). The major industries (automobiles, chemicals, machinery equipment, textiles etc.) experiencing receding growth rates has seen the National Manufacturing Policy (2011) (which introduces the NIMZs (in addition to SEZs) to address the infrastructural bottlenecks faced by the industry) and other such critical measures from the government, especially since it fears that a recov ery is unseen in the horizon, given the probable interactive effects of rising interest rates, escalating fuel and input costs, the volatile exchange rate, falling domestic demand, uncertain global economic scenario and policy paralysis (Bhandare, 2011). This importance accorded to the sector arises from three main points, namely, its importance towards macro economic stability, its employment implications (given that the services sector, though the highest contributor to the GDP, contributes only about a quarter of the total employment and given that manufacturing sector employs, unskilled, semi skilled and skilled labour), its forward and backward linkages with the other sectors (which makes it the key to boosting the economys vital signs) and finally due to the emphasis that was placed on it (for an industry led development) by the development theories and Indias early development strategy. As Bhandare, rightly puts it, neither reforming the primary sector nor the leapfrogging of the services sector alone can deliver India a BALANCED and long term (sustainable) development. The idea of self reliance was at the roots of Indias development plans in the immediate decades after independence and this was the reason for the heavy emphasis on developing a strong industrial base for the country and thereby for the heavily monitored and regulated industrial policy regime. The focus and the responsibility to bring about the same (through strategic promotion of the heavy industries), fell on the public sector and as Trivedi et. al (2011) notes, the private sector was to play only a supplementary role. Some notable features of the Restrictive Regime were direct physical controls like capacity licensing, reservation of certain industries to the public sector (or rather the restriction of private sector from certain industries), tariff and non tariff barriers to imports, foreign exchange and investment regulations, other market regulations like MRTP etc. The transition to the Limited Liberalisation Regime (as termed by Burange Yamini, 2011) happened towards the la te 1970s and was marked by a slow shift from direct physical controls to indirect controls through selective delicensing and deregulation, encouraging the private sector in some industries, marginal relaxation of the tariff rates etc. The main aim of the reforms were to unleash the growth potential of the sector since the performance of the sector, prior to the late 70s, mirrored the performance of the economy which was characterized by growth rates which ranged at around 3%, that were infamously dubbed the Hindu growth rate. The Industrial policy regime then followed has been pointed to as the cause for the industrial stagnation by many, including Ahluwalia (1991) who also argues that the 80s reforms succeeded in bringing about a positive shift in the growth path of output and productivity. The 1991 reforms reflected explicit liberalization in the Industrial sector with the New Industrial Policy (1991) and were enacted with the primary intent of wading through the severe fiscal and macro economic crisis that India was mired in, at the time. These reforms were comprehensive and macro economic in nature and structural adjustment and stabilization were at the core of the 90s reforms (Trivedi et. al, 2011). These differences naturally generated expectations of higher growth paths of output and productivity than that of the 80s period. But as they note, the reforms succeeded in pulling the economy out of the crisis and in alleviating the foreign exchange constraint and controlling inflation but not in bringing about an upward shift in the growth of output and productivity. These expectations about the performance results of liberalization stems from the theorized behavior of Liberalisation (from cross country analyses of the effects of liberalization by developmental theorists), especially in developing countries. The logic behind this argument that liberalization leads to growth, especially in developing countries, has been covered by the developmental theory literature under four threads. First being that, liberalization leads to technological improvement which generates more efficient capacity utilization and thereby promotes investment and exports. This eventually leads to more robust output growth. Second theory states that liberalization increases competitive pressure in the economy and this will result in the exit of inefficient firms. The exit of the inefficient tail would leave the average efficiency in the economy higher up and thereby result in better output growth. The third is that liberalisation will release the producers from the disadva ntages of inefficiencies and increase the incentives for geographical diversification which implies capture of new export markets and expansion activities like mergers and acquisitions and these will raise the rate of growth of output of the sector. Another theory that stems from the Hecksher Ohlin model and proposes that liberalization will free the factors of production from inefficient regulations and costs and thereby will benefit the countrys abundant factor. Performance is usually considered synonymous with growth performance and therefore, is always assessed keeping growth as the key measure. Krugman (1994) notes that economic growth is the sum of two sources of growth, namely, increase in inputs and increase in output per unit of inputs (i.e, productivity). Growth Accounting calculates explicit measures of both to calculate what percentage of growth accrues to each input and what percentage to productivity and efficiency. The separate but interdependent concepts of Productivity, Efficiency and Competitiveness are indicators of performance. Growth via improved productivity (and not increased inputs) is the focus of any strategy that aims at sustainable growth and therefore productivity analysis is an integral part of any performance analysis. Mouelhi (2007) considers output growth, employment growth, productivity growth, exports growth and capital intensity growth as the indicators or elements of performance of the manufacturing sector . In this paper we analyse output and employment growth using data from the Annual Survey of industries and productivity growth using prior literature. Motivation Figure 1. Simple Annual Growth in GDP At Factor Cost, Constant Prices, Base Year 2004 05 Source: RBI, Handbook Of Statistics on the Indian Economy From the above figure it could be considered safe to say that the manufacturing sector and its growth rates do (quite heavily) influence the economys growth rate. That is to say, the direction of the manufacturing sector does reflect the mood of the economy or vice versa. Also, it is noted from the movement of the GDP and Share in GDP of both the Industry and Manufacturing sectors that Manufacturing pulls Industry (by a vastly higher measure) as compared to Mining Quarrying And Electricity, Gas Water Supply (namely, the other components of Industry). So it is assumed safe to use the IIP for the analysis under the study. So, it would be imperative to study the movements of the manufacturing sector especially under the current context of uncertainty over the global dynamics and Indias own concerns. Literature on the impact of liberalization is vast and divergent, with disagreements on the results, data quality and data sources, methodology, indicators and their scope, model specification etc. and therefore, as Rodrik (1997) says, the nature of the relationship between trade policy and economic growth remains very much an open question. Theories Examined Despite the aforesaid emphasis on the manufacturing sector in Indian planning outlays and strategies, share of manufacturing in GDP and its growth rate has only been modest at around 16% in 2009 10, from about 13% in 1970 71 and 15% in 1990 91. So, Trivedi et. al (2011) argues that the 90s reforms brought about increase in growth and productivity as did the 80s reforms. But these fell short of expectations especially when considering the fact that the reforms of 1991 were macro economic in nature while those of the 80s were restricted to the fiscal and industrial sector reforms. And further they cite Rodrik and Subramanian (2005) that there has been no structural break in either output or productivity growth since the initiation of the 90s reforms and that the 1980s reforms had resulted in an improved growth performance of Real Gross Output (compared to the Restrictive regime). But though this growth momentum has been maintained in the 1990s, they find no statistically significan t improvement in the same. As noted by Chaudhuri (2009), Nagaraj (2011), Burange Yamini (2011), Kalirajan (2004) and many others, the pattern of manufacturing growth observed before 1991 was that of periods of high growth invariably followed by periods of low growth. The period after 1991 has brought no difference to this trend. The rate is seen to fluctuate widely even in the post-reforms period, registering a decline since the early years, picking up in 1993 and decelerating again in the late 1990s. It has recovered since 2002-03 and fell back after 2007-08. The factors behind this instability of the sector ranges from famines to business cycles to shifts in policy regimes. Chaudhuri (2009) makes the following observations. The (compound annual) rate of growth for the manufacturing sector between 1991-92 and 2007-08 at 7.18% is only marginally higher than that attained during the first three plan periods (6.45%). Taking only the registered manufacturing sector, the increment betw een the periods is negligible at 0.1 %. In fact the growth rate (for the registered manufacturing sector) during 1952-53 to 1964-65 (8.87%) and during 1980-81 to 1990-91 (8.29%) was higher than that in the post-reforms period (between 1992-93 and 2006-07) at 7.99%. Using the Kinked Exponential Model for structural break analysis in growth rates, we find that there is only a marginal difference between the coefficients b1 and b2 which means that there is no substantial structural break in the Manufacturing GDP data. The analysis is for the period from 1980 81 to 2000 01. The kink is analysed at 2 different years, namely, 1990 91 and 1996 97 and no significant break is found in either year. But on analysing the same period for the Manufacturing Value Of Real Gross Output we note the structural break at 1996 97 is significant. The structural break is highly significant if Net Value Added of Manufacturing is brought under the analysis, over the same period. This implies that the analysis backs the argument that there hasnt been any substantial increase in the growth path of the Manufacturing output in the 1990s from that of the 1980s, in terms of Sectoral GDP. But when considering the Value Of Real Gross Output or Value Added of the sector, it seems there has been a structural break in 1996 97. Therefore, the analysis cannot be taken to validate or refute Rodrik and Subrahmanians argument that there hasnt been a structural break in output growth since 1991. Figure 2. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing GDP (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Table 1. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing GDP (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Figure 3. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing RGO (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Table 2. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing RGO (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Figure 4. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing NVA (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Table 3. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing NVA (1980 2000) Table 4. CAGR Of Manufacturing GDP and its Share in GDP Source: Own calculation Table 5. Summary Statistics Of Manufacturing GDP and its Share in GDP Source: Own calculation Table 4, provides the Compound Annual Growth Rates for the different sub periods, from 1950 51 to 2011 12, and it can be seen that there has been only a marginal improvement in the CAGR in the 1990s as compared to that of the 1980s. And as table 5 shows, there has been a decrease in the absolute volatility in the growth in Manufacturing GDP in the 1980s (as seen from the Standard Deviation values) which is followed by an increase in the 90s only to further decline in the 2000s. The relative variability in the period 1991 92 to 2000 01 at 0.87 is higher than that of the previous period at 0.40. Growth rate of Share of the Manufacturing sector in GDP also follows the same trend. Another point worth noting is that there has been a consistent decline in the average growth in share of Manufacturing in GDP and this confirms what has been noted by Kalirajan (2004). Since 1997 98, along with the decelerating growth there has been a decline in the share of manufacturing in total GDP. Al so, as noted by Mani (2011) and Nagaraj (2011), the share of manufacturing sector in GDP was stagnating at around 15% even as the growth of the sector was at around 10% for over five years. Therefore, the data seems to point that the 90s reforms have not led to substantial positive changes in the growth path of output from that of the 80s. Another point to note is that there is an improvement all the figures in the 2000s (starting from the late 90s). Rodrik and Subrahmanian (2005) explains this as the J Curve effect of Productivity and Output growth. The J Curve rationale blames the major structural changes ensuing liberalization (and the adjustment process thereafter) for the initial slowdown in the sector (Hashim et al, 2009). Virmani (2005, 2006) proposed the hypothesis of the J-curve of productivity and output growth following major reforms and the differences in the pattern of productivity that was noticed to be brought about by the pacing of reforms. From empirical evidence we also see that the timing (pace) and sequencing of the reforms impact growth performance. The productivity and output growth path is hypothesized to take the form of a J, S or a hybrid S-J Curve which is explained by the pacing of the reforms (namely, major reforms or gradual reforms). Virmani Hashim (2011) notes that in India, the hypothe sis was proved true during the 1980s but not during the 1990s. Their analysis shows a clear J-curve pattern of total factor productivity growth for Indian manufacturing as predicted by the J- curve hypothesis which, in turn, was reflected in output growth. Nagaraj (2011) puts forth the recurrence of booms and deceleration (in itself) as the pattern of growth in output after finding out that after a (theoretically) expected dip in 1991-92 (on account of the crisis and adjustment), output boomed for four years, peaking in 1995-96 at 13% (following the predicted J curve) and that the boom petered out quite quickly, followed by a steep deceleration for seven years until 2002 03 while the next boom lasted for  ¬Ã‚ ve years, from 2003 04 to 2007 08. As Kochhar et al (2006) notes, India has not confirmed to the development theory of transition economies whereby the usual trend is a massive transfer of unskilled labour from agriculture to manufacturing (or industry). That is, the manufacturing employment post reforms has been stagnant and Indias services sector led growth has been laid to blame for this. Contribution of manufacturing to total employment is the lowest, that is, in India, services sector absorbs more labour than the manufacturing sector. The trend in employment generation of the registered manufacturing sector tells a different story from that of its output generation. Employment in the factory sector has been declining despite the acceleration in the growth rate of output since 2000 01 and in 2003 04 and the figure was 10% lesser than that in 1995 96 (Chaudhuri, 2009). This pans the issue of Jobless Growth that has been (nearly) comprehensively covered by literature bringing forth the issue of growing capital intensity, and cheaper relative price of capital resulting in substitution of labour for capital as the primary cause. This poses a theoretical impasse, since (market oriented) economic policy reforms are conventionally expected to result in an acceleration in the rate of growth of output and productivity thanks to the underlying short term gains in static efficiency (through re-allocation of factors to efficient uses) and dynamic efficiency gains. One view (Goldar, 2000, 2011) says that there is a substantial increase in organised manufacturing employment in the liberalised regime of 1990-91 to 1997- 98 and 2003 04, as compared to the 80s. Nagaraj (2004, 2011) has contradicted this noting that the employment growth when analysed in the same picture as that of capital growth asserts the jobless growth phenomenon. According to him, the whole period can be termed as a period of jobless output growth where output has grown with more capital-intensive technology. Stagnant per capita real wages are said to be another paradox whereby the natural transition of output growth into growth in real wages has not transpired yet in Indian manufacturing thereby raising concerns on lack of domestic demand. Trivedi et. al (2011) note a U trend emerging in the growth of real emoluments (from a revival in the figures from negative rates in the 90s) and the consistent decline in growth in real wages. They consider this to imply increasing compensation to the managerial and supporting staff while the workers face stagnant real per capita wages and raise concerns of inequality and productivity implications. Table 6. CAGR Of Principal Manufacturing Aggregates Source: Own calculation Table 6 confirms the Jobless growth hypothesis which can be found to hold true for all three variables of labour, namely, Number of Workers, Number of Employees and Total Persons Engaged. What is to be noted is not only the definite declining (and negative) growth rates of the 90s, but also that Number of Workers and Number of Employees were on a declining growth path even in the 80s. And that growth in Number of Workers and Total Persons Engaged are seen to revive during the sub period 1999 08. Another major concern is the different patterns exhibited by the growth in wages and that in emoluments. While both are found to be on a declining growth path, the rate of decrease in the growth of emoluments is substantially lesser than the steep and concerning decline in that of wages. The U trend noted by Trivedi et al (2011) cannot be brought forth due to unavailability of data on the same. Some other features of the data under analysis, that are brought out by these summary figures are the decline in the growth of Real Gross Output, Net Value Added and Net Fixed Capital Formation show the same patterns of decline in the 1990 2000 sub period and this extends to the 1995 04 sub period. But the 1999 08 figures of NVA and NFCF show revival. Therefore this analysis seems to come out in support of the J Curve hypothesis of output and productivity growth. Disaggregated Analysis is essential for assessing the structural dynamics of the sector. Guha (2008) noted that the inter temporal comparative analysis of the differences in the growth process at the disaggregated level explains the structural change that has occurred in the manufacturing sector (which in his analysis comes out to be substantial). An S curve pattern is expected to be followed by the growth and TFP in positive response to the reforms, taking the sector from a lower steady state to a higher steady state. At the disaggregated level, we expect a majority of sub-sectors to follow an S-curve pattern, but also some fundamentally non-competitive sectors to project a decline (due to comparative disadvantage). Trends in productivity growth at the (disaggregated) sub-sector level of manufacturing showed a much more varied pattern of growth than at aggregate level. Out of the twenty two sub-sectors analysed in their paper, three followed an S-curve pattern (14%), eight followed a J curve pattern (36%), and ten followed a hybrid S-J pattern (45%). This is to be expected in a situation in which different policy reforms are paced differently and affect different industries to different degrees and the analyses by Guha (2008), Hashim, Kumar Virmani (2009), Kaur Kiran (2008) and others have empirically substantiated the diff erences in interpretation brought about by disaggregate analysis and the differences in impact of the policy reforms on different industries. Also, using dummy variables to determine the effect of reforms on the TFPg across a disaggregated table, they find that according to the Growth Accounting Analysis, there has either been no acceleration or deceleration in all the subsectors (except Metals) and states (except WB and Haryana). But in their analysis using the Production Function Approach, they find that there has been a revival in the TFPg post 90s. But even those figures reiterate that the revival fell much short of the expectations of Liberalization. Table 7. CAGR Of Principal Manufacturing Variables Across Major subsectors Source: Own calculation Table 7 gives the two digit level disaggregated analysis for the Indian manufacturing sector. Only 10 major industries that contributed above 2% as share in output and employment have been considered for the analysis. All industries show revival in the late 90s, with respect to growth in share in manufacturing employment. Dye and Fur industries, Chemical industries, Vehicle industries and Tobacco industries are the only sectors that do not exhibit negative growth rates, though without exception all show declining growth rates in the first two sub periods. In the case of growth in input intensity, all except the tobacco and textiles industry shows an increase in the last sub period (from a declining path, previously) which raises concerns over the sustainability of output growth in the sector. The rise in input intensity seen in the late 90s raises questions about the accuracy of the J curve inference that was reached upon earlier. The Food and Beverages sector shows the tendency of c onsistent decline in growth in RGO and NVA. Equally alarming is the dye and fur products industry which shows a steep decline in growth in share in RGO and NVA from a previously stable position. Vehicles industry is the only industry that manages to without a substantial decline with respect to growth in output. The organized sector contributes only 20% of the total manufacturing output but more than 60% of its output while the unorganized sector accounts for about 80% of the employment but only about 33% of the total output of the manufacturing sector. This duality in the Indian manufacturing sector and the resultant structural dynamics and its implications (in the form of imbalances) finds reference in almost all of the growth performance literature. The sectoral, regional and (especially) structural imbalances in the manufacturing sector is also reflected in the form of the high wage differential between the registered and unregistered sectors, the differential in the employment and output share (respectively) of the two sectors etc. That is, the relative income contribution of the unorganized sector vis a vis the organized sector has been on consistent decline and this affects the labour productivity differentials between the sectors (Trivedi et. al 2011). Data and Methodology This study focuses on the performance of the manufacturing sector using aggregate and disaggregated analysis of it. While keeping the aggregate picture, it examines the component industries to understand the effects of the structural dynamics of the sector on the sectoral aggregates. The period of study is 1981 82 to 2007 08 (though in some cases it is extended to include the periods 1971 72 to 1979 80 and 2008 09 to 2011 12, as a result of data availability). ASI is the main data source on aggregate and disaggregate level data. Data on IIP and GDP is from the RBI Database On Indian Economy. IIP is an index of industrial production and not just manufacturing production, though manufacturing sector is a dominant component of the IIP (contributing over 75% of the total weight) and therefore, additional variables like Value Added, Value of Gross Output and Sectoral GDP are used to complement the accuracy of the inference. Net Fixed Capital Formation series considered for analysis is at book value and not Real NFCF. The sub sectors considered for disaggregate analysis are the Food and Beverages industry, the tobacco industry, the textiles industry, dyeing and fur production industry, the coke refined petroleum and nuclear products industry, chemicals industry, the metal industry, Machinery and equipments industry, Electricals industry and Vehicles (Automobiles) industry. Trivedi et. al (2011) notes that the contribution of TFPg to output growth for the registered manufacturing sector ranges between 13 to 25% using alternative methodologies and therefore the analysis of the same is essential for any comprehensive performance assessment. But since the estimation and analysis of TFPg is vastly out of the scope and time frame of the current study, we confine ourselves to a literature based analysis on the topic. They note that the regional TFPg differences brings home the fact that states without much output growth but falling or negative rates of employment can also show high TFPg rates. Therefore, TFPg cannot be unconditionally used as an indicator of growth performance. TFP levels should be assessed alongside to get a clearer and more accurate picture. In using Dummy variables to determine the impact of the reforms on TFPg by demarcating the pre and post reform periods, they note that it is difficult to isolate the impact of reforms from that of the other factors (that impact TFPg) in the dummy variable analysis and also that the time lags in the impact cannot be taken into consideration, under the same. Conclusions We find that the Indian manufacturing sector is seen to have faced a structural break when considering the growth in Real Gross Output and Net Value Added instead of Sectoral GDP. But this break is in the late 90s which gives basis to the J Curve hypothesis of output and productivity growth. Also the phenomenon of jobless growth is found to have been a feature of the manufacturing employment in the decades post reforms, though latest data (till 2007 08) helps in finding a sign of revival in the same. The disaggregative analysis bringss forth the disturbing trend in growth in input intensity in almost all the industries of the sector, thereby questioning the sustainability of the output growth achieved through liberalization. Tobacco, Dye and Fur, metals and Electricals industries are the only sectors that follow the J Curve pattern with respect to output growth. Indian manufacturing landscape needs to be geared up through expansion, diversification, technological and competitive scaling up and skill enhancement, TFP growth, Efficiency growth and expansion of global footprint, namely, mergers and acquisitions and/or capturing new export markets (in the qualitative side) (Bhandare, 2011). There is a need to improve (all three performance indicators, namely) productivity, efficiency and competitiveness of Indias manufacturing sector. And this needs to be achieved along with improvement in employment growth, keeping in view the demographic theory (the potential demographic dividend) and countrys projected aim of inclusive growth (as declared in the 12th five year plan). With regard to the expectations and fears regarding liberalization, Nagaraj (2011) notes that industrial growth rate has not accelerated, nor has the growth rate of labour-intensive consumer goods gone up; but there has been no de-industrialaization either, as the critics feared.

Family Values

Family Values with the Cosby Show Growing up in the mid 1980’s I can remember watching the Cosby Show. My family and I fell in love with the Huxtable family. The show was funny, witty, and dealt with serious issues at some times. It was also the first show that portrayed a black family living a successful middle class life style. The show’s concepts were very unusual to me, because around that time we thought America dealt with majority Caucasian problems and shows.Growing up in a dysfunctional home in which my mother was always under lots of stress and my father was to drunk to care about how we live our lives it was just a sad fact of family life at that time. At the time it didn’t seem like it was a bad way to live. That is until I discovered a different aspect of family life and values. The family values displayed in the Cosby show were things that I had never seen before. It was a complete shock to my young mind to say the least. Mr. and Mrs.Huxtable were th e ideal parents. They displayed strong moral values, they also involved themselves in their children’s lives as loving guides, and they taught their children the value of how important it was to have an education. Despite all of these positive aspects surrounding their children they were still able to remain happily married. My siblings and I had a wonderful mother. Yet our family had a lack of morals and values that would serve to inspire us to do something with our lives.Morals and values were those key components that the Huxtables were so good at portraying to there children. As a family we never felt that we weren’t loved. My mother was always very good at teaching us how to look out for one another. I can remember that that was one of the few good aspects from the show that I was able to identify with. The Huxtables always seemed to have a form of togetherness. They were good at relying on one another. Their parents made sure to keep the children away from bad in fluences like drugs and violence.They instilled inside their kids those good morals and values that would help them to become good adults. Besides being loving parents Cliff and Clair Huxtable were friends to there children and thus enabled them to be parental guides when problems would arise. I think that it was that friendship that allowed for their children to open up and share there problems with them. This was the exact opposite of what it was like for my siblings and me. My mother didn’t involve herself in our daily lives causing me, in part, to become rebellious and secretive.My mother and father never finished high school. So I think that to them it wasn’t that important for us to do so ether. On the Cosby show both parents were college grads and both were successful in there career fields. I noticed that in the show it was expected of the children to go to a university. I know that not finishing high school and going to college may sound strange to you the rea der right now, but due to were and when I grew up it was perfectly normal to be a drop out.Growing up in a poverty stricken drug and alcohol centered environment it would have been so easy for me to end up in a gang, or in prison, or maybe even dead. I believe that there are a number of positive factors that kept my family and me from suffering unfortunate events. Mainly it was our obedience and faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. I also believe that God has many different ways to speak to us. He is constantly throwing us life preservers, but it is up to us rather we grab hold to them or not.At a young an impressionable age I stumbled across a television show that would eventually change and challenge my way of thinking. I learn examples of what it would mean to be a good father, why it was beneficial to go to college, and I learned what I wanted my personal family to be like. The Cosby show was definitely a grate show. The show was a pioneer in its time leading the way for many other s hows like it. That family taught me life lessons that I will never forget. It was a very positive show that I enjoyed and that’s stayed with me even until this day. Family Values Family Values with the Cosby Show Growing up in the mid 1980’s I can remember watching the Cosby Show. My family and I fell in love with the Huxtable family. The show was funny, witty, and dealt with serious issues at some times. It was also the first show that portrayed a black family living a successful middle class life style. The show’s concepts were very unusual to me, because around that time we thought America dealt with majority Caucasian problems and shows.Growing up in a dysfunctional home in which my mother was always under lots of stress and my father was to drunk to care about how we live our lives it was just a sad fact of family life at that time. At the time it didn’t seem like it was a bad way to live. That is until I discovered a different aspect of family life and values. The family values displayed in the Cosby show were things that I had never seen before. It was a complete shock to my young mind to say the least. Mr. and Mrs.Huxtable were th e ideal parents. They displayed strong moral values, they also involved themselves in their children’s lives as loving guides, and they taught their children the value of how important it was to have an education. Despite all of these positive aspects surrounding their children they were still able to remain happily married. My siblings and I had a wonderful mother. Yet our family had a lack of morals and values that would serve to inspire us to do something with our lives.Morals and values were those key components that the Huxtables were so good at portraying to there children. As a family we never felt that we weren’t loved. My mother was always very good at teaching us how to look out for one another. I can remember that that was one of the few good aspects from the show that I was able to identify with. The Huxtables always seemed to have a form of togetherness. They were good at relying on one another. Their parents made sure to keep the children away from bad in fluences like drugs and violence.They instilled inside their kids those good morals and values that would help them to become good adults. Besides being loving parents Cliff and Clair Huxtable were friends to there children and thus enabled them to be parental guides when problems would arise. I think that it was that friendship that allowed for their children to open up and share there problems with them. This was the exact opposite of what it was like for my siblings and me. My mother didn’t involve herself in our daily lives causing me, in part, to become rebellious and secretive.My mother and father never finished high school. So I think that to them it wasn’t that important for us to do so ether. On the Cosby show both parents were college grads and both were successful in there career fields. I noticed that in the show it was expected of the children to go to a university. I know that not finishing high school and going to college may sound strange to you the rea der right now, but due to were and when I grew up it was perfectly normal to be a drop out.Growing up in a poverty stricken drug and alcohol centered environment it would have been so easy for me to end up in a gang, or in prison, or maybe even dead. I believe that there are a number of positive factors that kept my family and me from suffering unfortunate events. Mainly it was our obedience and faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. I also believe that God has many different ways to speak to us. He is constantly throwing us life preservers, but it is up to us rather we grab hold to them or not.At a young an impressionable age I stumbled across a television show that would eventually change and challenge my way of thinking. I learn examples of what it would mean to be a good father, why it was beneficial to go to college, and I learned what I wanted my personal family to be like. The Cosby show was definitely a grate show. The show was a pioneer in its time leading the way for many other s hows like it. That family taught me life lessons that I will never forget. It was a very positive show that I enjoyed and that’s stayed with me even until this day. Family Values Family Values with the Cosby Show Growing up in the mid 1980’s I can remember watching the Cosby Show. My family and I fell in love with the Huxtable family. The show was funny, witty, and dealt with serious issues at some times. It was also the first show that portrayed a black family living a successful middle class life style. The show’s concepts were very unusual to me, because around that time we thought America dealt with majority Caucasian problems and shows.Growing up in a dysfunctional home in which my mother was always under lots of stress and my father was to drunk to care about how we live our lives it was just a sad fact of family life at that time. At the time it didn’t seem like it was a bad way to live. That is until I discovered a different aspect of family life and values. The family values displayed in the Cosby show were things that I had never seen before. It was a complete shock to my young mind to say the least. Mr. and Mrs.Huxtable were th e ideal parents. They displayed strong moral values, they also involved themselves in their children’s lives as loving guides, and they taught their children the value of how important it was to have an education. Despite all of these positive aspects surrounding their children they were still able to remain happily married. My siblings and I had a wonderful mother. Yet our family had a lack of morals and values that would serve to inspire us to do something with our lives.Morals and values were those key components that the Huxtables were so good at portraying to there children. As a family we never felt that we weren’t loved. My mother was always very good at teaching us how to look out for one another. I can remember that that was one of the few good aspects from the show that I was able to identify with. The Huxtables always seemed to have a form of togetherness. They were good at relying on one another. Their parents made sure to keep the children away from bad in fluences like drugs and violence.They instilled inside their kids those good morals and values that would help them to become good adults. Besides being loving parents Cliff and Clair Huxtable were friends to there children and thus enabled them to be parental guides when problems would arise. I think that it was that friendship that allowed for their children to open up and share there problems with them. This was the exact opposite of what it was like for my siblings and me. My mother didn’t involve herself in our daily lives causing me, in part, to become rebellious and secretive.My mother and father never finished high school. So I think that to them it wasn’t that important for us to do so ether. On the Cosby show both parents were college grads and both were successful in there career fields. I noticed that in the show it was expected of the children to go to a university. I know that not finishing high school and going to college may sound strange to you the rea der right now, but due to were and when I grew up it was perfectly normal to be a drop out.Growing up in a poverty stricken drug and alcohol centered environment it would have been so easy for me to end up in a gang, or in prison, or maybe even dead. I believe that there are a number of positive factors that kept my family and me from suffering unfortunate events. Mainly it was our obedience and faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. I also believe that God has many different ways to speak to us. He is constantly throwing us life preservers, but it is up to us rather we grab hold to them or not.At a young an impressionable age I stumbled across a television show that would eventually change and challenge my way of thinking. I learn examples of what it would mean to be a good father, why it was beneficial to go to college, and I learned what I wanted my personal family to be like. The Cosby show was definitely a grate show. The show was a pioneer in its time leading the way for many other s hows like it. That family taught me life lessons that I will never forget. It was a very positive show that I enjoyed and that’s stayed with me even until this day.

Mune Company Essay

Mune Company recorded journal entries for the declaration of $50,000 of dividends, the $32,000 increase in accounts receivable for services rendered, and the purchase of equipment for $21,000. What net effect do these entries have on equity? Decrease of $18,000. Maso Company recorded journal entries for the issuance of ordinary shares for $40,000, the payment of $13,000 on accounts payable, and the payment of salaries expense of $21,000. What net effect do these entries have on equity? Increase of $19,000. During the first year of Wilkinson Co.’s operations, all purchases were recorded as assets. Store supplies in the amount of $19,350 were purchased. Actual year-end store supplies amounted to $6,450. The adjusting entry for store supplies will: increase expenses by $12,900. Panda Corporation paid cash of 18,000 on June 1, 2010 for one year’s rent in advance and recorded the transaction with a debit to Prepaid Rent. The December 31, 2010 adjusting entry is: debit Rent Expense and credit Prepaid Rent, 10,500. Recording the adjusting entry for depreciation has the same effect as recording the adjusting entry for: a prepaid expense. An accrued expense can best be described as an amount: not paid and currently matched with earnings. A document prepared to prove the equality of debits and credits after all adjustments have been prepared is the: Adjusted trial balance. Under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) the â€Å"book of original entry† is also known as the: Journal