Flowers for Algernon and The Garden of Eden Essay

Daniel Keyes’s anecdotal story, â€Å"Flowers for Algernon†, drew on topics, examples of occasions, and character types from the Biblical story of the Garden of Eden. The two stories had a common subject: Ignorance is euphoria. The two stories additionally shared a comparable example of occasions. Charlie Gordon, the hero in â€Å"Flowers for Algernon†, and Adam and Eve, the principle characters in the Garden of Eden, all began in a condition of guiltlessness, unconscious of insidiousness, until they were urged to get more brilliant. After they had picked up insight, their eyes were opened to the entirety of the disagreeableness on the planet, and they endured the results. There were additionally likenesses in the characters in the two stories, for example, between the Serpent and Miss Kinnian and among Eve and Algernon. Daniel Keyes rendered the material new by changing the setting, the characters, and the occasions of the story to something significantly more p resent day. In â€Å"Flowers for Algernon†, Charlie needed to get brilliant, yet once he did, he understood that individuals used to ridicule him, and the vast majority quit conversing with him as regularly as they used to, either on the grounds that they were frightened of him or couldn’t get him. Algernon kicked the bucket, and Charlie lost the entirety of his insight. In the Garden of Eden, God cautioned Adam and Eve not to eat from the tree of the information on great and underhandedness, yet they didn’t tune in. The snake persuaded Eve to eat the illegal organic product, and afterward Eve persuaded Adam to eat it too. At the point when they ate the natural product, they picked up information and insight, got mindful of evilness, and acknowledged they were exposed. God sentenced them to an existence of anguish and in the long run demise. The basic topic of these two stories is obliviousness is joy. Some of the time it’s preferable to know nothing over something. The example of occasions in â€Å"Flowers for Algernon† reflect those of the Garden of Eden. In the Garden of Eden, God made Adam and Eve. They were totally guiltless and unadulterated, yet not great. God cautioned them not to eat from the tree of the information on great and malice. The insidious snake persuaded Eve to eat the illegal organic product at any rate. At the point when Adam and Eve ate from the tree of information, their eyes were opened, and they picked up information and intelligence, yet they were likewise presented to malice, and they felt exposed. Their condition of blamelessness was lost. At the point when God got some answers concerning this, He rebuffed Adam and Eve. In â€Å"Flowers for Algernon†, Charlie Gordon had an inability and needed insight. Miss Kinnian convinced Charlie to proceed with the activity. He consented to experience the medical procedure that the specialists thought would significantly increase his knowledge, despite the fact that he knew about the dangers in question. The activity made Charlie staggeringly keen, yet it additionally made him mindful that individuals ridiculed him. At a certain point, Charlie expressed that he felt as though he was stripped. His knowledge in the long run crumbles, and Algernon passes on. In the two stories, the fundamental characters start off in a condition of numbness, are convinced to expand their insight, choose to pick up information, in spite of realizing the dangers in question, and afterward they need to pay dearly. A portion of the characters in â€Å"Flowers for Algernon† and the Garden of Eden are fundamentally the same as. For instance, Charlie, Adam, and Eve are comparable on the grounds that they are the fundamental characters, they began in a condition of obliviousness, and they all got information. Furthermore, the snake and Miss Kinnian are indistinguishable on the grounds that the two of them convinced the fundamental characters to get more brilliant. Finally, Eve and Algernon were both the principal characters to obtain information. Daniel Keyes rendered the material new by changing the setting, the characters, and the occasions. The Garden of Eden occurred first and foremost, while â€Å"Flowers for Algernon† occurred in the twentieth century. Rather than a talking snake urging someone to eat otherworldly organic product, Daniel Keyes utilized Miss Kinnian to convince Charlie to do the activity. Thirdly, in the Garden of Eden, the taboo natural product offered information to Adam and Eve, however in Flowers for Algernon, an activity caused Charlie to turn out to be increasingly insightful. Topics, examples of occasions, and character types found in Flowers for Algernon reflect those found in the Biblical story of the Garden of Eden. The narratives both offer a similar topic: Ignorance is rapture. The two of them have comparative examples of occasions: The primary characters begin in a condition of blamelessness and numbness, at that point they are convinced to expand their knowledge. The fundamental characters concurred, regardless of the dangers in question. The primary characters needed to confront the outcomes of accepting information. Adam, Eve, and Charlie, the snake and Miss Kinnian, and Eve and Algernon all mirror one another. Daniel Keyes modernized the Biblical story of the Garden of Eden by evolving theâ setting, the characters, and the occasions, in spite of the fact that the general subject, examples of occasions, and sorts of characters are comparative in the two stories.

Is there such a thing as a post-modern novel Essay Example

Is there such an incredible concept as a post Is there such an incredible concept as a post-present day novel Essay Is there such an incredible concept as a post-present day novel Essay Is there such an incredible concept as a post-present day novel? Post-innovation broadens innovator uncertainness, regularly by assuming that world, on the off chance that it exists by any stretch of the imagination, is mysterious or unaccessible through a semantic correspondence become withdrawn from it’ ( Stevenson: 28 ) . The utilization of the post-current has become a generally applicable term in basic and abstract hypothesis in late yeas. Where a few pundits contend that post-innovation is only an advancement of innovation, others, for example, Fredric Jameson, (Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism:1991 ) contend that various assaults to post-innovation exist. Jameson contends that postmodernism is characterized mainly as an insufficiency of a cardinal segment ( be it development, account, story-line ) and thinks about that recorded, political and financial qualities, in accordance with entrepreneur economy, have changed political directions and henceforth decentred customary scholarly qualities. Shirvani ( 1994 ) agrees, Post-innovation rose as a signal of disobedience to the canonisation of innovation and the specialist gutting of its oppositional potential’ ( 291 ) . The post-present day non simply purposes pundits to disregard in finding an efficient portrayal of the term, yet neither would they be able to hang on a precise entry from innovation to pos-innovation. Basic partitions exist with some proposing the expires of Joyce and Woolf, though others lean toward the terminal of the Second World War or the terminal of Colonialism. The numerous abstract apparatuses that sub-separate the term, for example, folklore, women's liberation, analyst fiction or postcolonial story are conceivably the solitary way of arranging its hugeness. Artistic surveies and readership have later called into request scholarly worth, which appears to hold less significance inside the down to earth innovative universe. In any case, it is decisively the request of the reasonable and the existent that has lead a figure of essayists to get down to sort out an artistic ordinance that requests these common resistances by personality exploring non just the writer yet adjacent to the peruser. Where as Jameson shuns intensions to craftsmanship, Hutcheson (A Poetics of Postmodernism, 1988 ) contends that feel play an of import divide in post-innovation. An arrival to style each piece great as self-reflexive characteristics and the utilization of the existent in occasions and individuals from history ( 3 ) make an adaptable talk which the two developments and de-structures abstract writings. This internal looking and hesitance, two subjects that are exceptional to what hold been characterized as post-present day books overwhelm the main developments of a few books that will be talked about in this paper. Italo Calvino’sSe una notte d’invierno United Nations viaggiatorepublished asIf on a winter’s dim a travelerin 1979,Lunar Park( 2005 ) by Bret Easton Ellis andNumber9dreamby David Mitchell, distributed in 2001, epitomize the bound and illimitable developments of the post-current content. Bret Easton Ellis’sLunar Park, the first of his books to be written in the past tense, is obviously a semi-self-portraying story. This new embodies definitely the equivocalness that frequents numerous books that are named post-present day. The main character in the content is Bret Easton Ellis himself who starts the book novelizing his previous life and his ascent to popularity as an author. This guideline bit of the novel is by all accounts a real existence which, to the peruser, appears to be back to back frontward and likely. Be that as it may, it is during the plummet into a whirlpool of medication and intoxicant reliance that the line among world and phantasy Begins to film over. He weds an on-screen character ( who, it appears, has her ain site [ 1 ] however there is no record of her somewhere else ) and later moves to a disengaged town called Midland, close to New York. It is in clearly regarded Midland that the blankness among world and dream Begin to impact. As Ellis become continuously distracted with undertakings of expire ( especially those of his male parent ) which matches the dynamically spooky mood of his home, Ellis’s distrustfulness appears to take fasten, changing the reader’s develops of what is existent inside the novel. This third limitless that is made now in the novel is seemingly manufactured yet the trust that Ellis makes toward the start of the novel powers the peruser to oppugn their ain perusing of the content: is Ellis preposterous and neurotic, are the characters around him simply too much questioning to acknowledge his reality or is Ellis playing a wicked game with the peruser? Number9dreamby David Mitchell other than utilizes a down to earth world in which to set up his book. Once more, the limit line that should separate the commonsense world from world is addressed. The supporter, Eji Miyake embraces two excursions inside the novel ; that of his chase for singularity and the one which matches the more created assault to his life. In spite of the fact that the skeletal segment of the book is Eji’s story, Mitchell further uncovers the supporter through dreams, games, books, etc. This intertextual part of the book powers the peruser to oppugn their capacity inside the novel. Mitchell, through using changing story procedures ( Eji’s encounters in every section mirror the way of account ) uncovers the numerous essences of the supporter. To be sure this content maps as a journal, as a fantasy, as a chase for uniqueness and a hypothesis of life. The vagueness that is made through these maps neer uncovers to the peruser the genuine ground for Eji’s need to brood in down to earth world rather than defy his ain world. The solitary insinuation is potentially Eji’s powerlessness to come to footings with the perish of his sister Anju, in any case, even this is only managed through an envisioned world which so makes the peruser oppugn what amount is dependable. Mitchell shrewdly proposes contrasting universes. In the first place, there is the world we can contact and encounter and use as ordinary life. There is the substitute universe of dreamscapes which are sensible ( we can non make a picture which is non an examination of our encounters ) ; the processing machine games and books are an alternate world, that are perchance individual else’s world yet next to permit the member to go another inner self. Moreover, Mitchell, by utilizing the vehicles of writing, human advancement, media and history, utilizes this content to talk the lamenting procedures that we suffer and hints that down to earth world plays a major bit in larning to get by with cataclysm. Eji gets dependent on phantasy and dreaming: he changes from the chase for himself ( That was who I genuinely was, a fantasy of the Real Miyake’ : 408 ) to a chase for a reasonable sense of self ( I would offer anything to be woolgathering right now’ : 418 ) . This is o ther than evident sing his folks where he understands that his chase for his male parent ( and his considerations of what he would resemble ) was extremely more rousing and of import than world when he in the long run meets him. Calvino’s book,If on a winter’s dim a travellerreminds the peruser in the main case that they are perusing a book by opening it in this way: You are going to get down perusing Italo Calvino’s new novel,If on a winter’s dim a voyager. Unwind. Concentrate. Disperse each other thought. Let the universe around you fade’ ( 1 ) . Calvino so keeps on reding how the peruser ought to sit or put themself so as to get the most from perusing the novel. Nonetheless, it is the sentence, Let the universe around you fade’ that is seemingly one of the vast majority of import sentences in the novel. The peruser is deliberately approached to permit the universe vanish and to go dug in the novel. Be that as it may, this request itself makes the peruser discerning that they are perusing a book. Moreover, it calls into request the unbounded among phantasy and world that is other than displayed in Calvino’s tale. The peruser can neer permit the universe cut ; they need their ain encounters of the universe so as to put with the book and its characters. It is other than their experience of the universe that will name into request the world or the illusion of the story. Moreover, the untypical development of the content purposefully helps the peruser to remember what their identity is and their bit in the novel: th e peruser. This update proceeds with unabated all through the novel. As such the essayist powers the peruser to play their capacity however he is other than perceptive of his ain obligation. Calvino requests what a creator is with a passive sober mindedness: origin is an occupation to do cash, non to delight a crowd of people. In reality the Good for you’ ( 4 ) that he tells the crowd with joyful lack of interest of the nature of the novel draws close to banishing the crowd. [ 2 ] He so proceeds, inside this bit of fiction, to confront the mass of unneeded books that are accessible to buy that divert fromexistentbooks. [ 3 ] Calvino’s considerations on the worth that is set on writing ( curiously since horrible judgment has supported total development in ongoing mature ages ) plainly supported the awareness of non just forming however perusing as Re ( 1998 ) agrees: writing might be troublesome work, yet perusing it might be only as requesting. The request of who understands what, the political relations of readership, social imbalance a nd the opposition among high and low progress, are cardinal to the present contention in social surveies and the emergencies in abstract studies†¦ [ Calvino ] accepted that to happen perusers one must make them by devising a perfect reader†¦ The peruser whoever the person in question might be and any place the person may originate from-must be enticed by the content into going need the writings needs them to be’ ( 127 ) . It was the

Excel Tricks Every Entrepreneur Should Know to Increase His Productivity

Excel Tricks Every Entrepreneur Should Know to Increase His Productivity © Shutterstock.com | denniznIn this article, we will look at tips and trick in MS Excel to enhance the productivity of an entrepreneur. We will examine the following: 1) an introduction to Excel, 2) Excel tricks to increase your productivity as an entrepreneur, 3) advantages and limitations of Excel, 4) and a short conclusion.AN INTRODUCTION TO EXCELWhat is ExcelExcel is a part of the MS Office suite from Microsoft, which includes other programs such as the MS Word, PowerPoint, and Access. MS Office provides a comprehensive solution for small offices and businesses to organize and carry out most of their documentation needs. Excel is an electronic spreadsheet program of the suite which allows users to enter, store, manipulate and analyze data in many different ways. Excel is a powerful program that lets you tabulate your data, make calculations and integrate information from other programs. An excel file is called a workbook. Each workbook contains many worksheets and chart-sheets. A worksheet is divided into hundreds of rows and columns of cells. There are millions of cells in a workbook. Each cell is identified based upon its position in a column and row. This position is known as cell address or cell reference. The rows are identified by numerals and the columns by alphabets. Hence, the cells have alphanumeric addresses. A cell stores data and formulas that are used to make calculations or to communicate with other cells or programs. The chart-sheet is used to display a graph or a chart that is generated using the data stored in a worksheet. Excel is a very versatile program and allows a user to create, format and design worksheets easily and quickly.History of ExcelThe history of Excel is older than its Windows OS. Before it became Excel, the electronic spreadsheet program that Microsoft developed was called MultiPlan. It was developed in 1982 to work on CP/M and MS-DOS based systems. Though it was very successful in the CP/M systems, it was trumped by Lot us 1-2-3 on the DOS based system. Microsoft then revamped the MultiPlan, renamed it Excel and launched it as a graphical interface based spreadsheet for Apple Mac in 1985. It was the first electronic spreadsheet program that had a graphical interface and pull down menus. When Microsoft came out with the Windows OS, Excel was launched for the OS platform, and Microsoft came out with the first Windows version Excel 2.0 in late 1987. Since then Microsoft has released many different versions of Excel, with each version adding some new features and capabilities to the existing version. The latest version of Excel is the 15.0 but it more popularly known as Excel 2013. Now Excel is a powerful data analysis, manipulation and storage software that is used by professionals, scientist, researchers, accountants, etc. to excel, present and analyze data.If you wish to learn more about the history and evolution of Excel, here is a great infographic.Major Uses of ExcelExcel is a highly customizable spreadsheet that allows its users to present and automate data in a variety of ways, easily and quickly. Excel can be used anywhere data manipulation and representation is required. It can be used for:Data storage, management and sorting: The basic function of any spreadsheet program is data storage, management and sorting. Excel is capable of storing text, numbers or formulas. The data that is stored in the cells can be sorted and filters in many different ways based on parameters provided by the user.Data analyzing and charting: Excel is a great tool for data analysis. The pivot table that is available in Excel allows the user to analyze large amount of data. It can automatically, sort, enumerate and calculate data stored in one worksheet and project the summary of the data in another sheet. It can generate several different kinds of charts based on data range selected in your worksheet.Modeling including sales forecasting, budgeting, break-even analysis, cash flow estimation: Au tomation provided by the functions of Excel make it easy for businesses to maintain their books and accounts as well as create what-if scenarios to create and forecast business models such as their sales, budget, cash flow and break-even point.Generating reports based on the data analysis and models: Excel can also print reports once data has been analyzed and manipulated.Integration with other softwares: Excel files can be integrated with other software like MS Word, MS PowerPoint, MS Access, etc.Team work: Excel allows you to share your data with a group of people, who can then collaborate and work on a project together. Since the collaboration is web-based, your team members can be anywhere in the world and still be able to contribute.Significance Importance of Excel in BusinessArgument #1: Excel offers several very important functions within one tool: analysis and visualizationIt has been argued that MS Excel is perhaps one of the most powerful computer programs ever created. I t has many wonderful functions and tools available within the software that allow a user to perform a wide variety of tasks from statistical and mathematical calculations to preparing reports, automating data analysis, creating data bases and lists, sorting data in a variety of ways and creating future projections. Its powerful visualization tools make it extremely useful for making business projections, charts, graphs and predicting future trends that support decision-making. It capability to handle text as well as numerical data makes it extremely useful.Argument #2: Excel is widely usedThere are few programs that are as popular as Excel for people who need to store and manipulate data. Its interface is very user-friendly and allows you as a user to observe what is happening to the data as it is manipulated. Its capacity to handle both mathematical and statistical data has made it a very desirable program for finance, marketing, sales and business development. It is increasingly b eing used by professionals and businesses for decision-making. It is used by students for their assignments and by scientists for their research. It is used by traders, merchants, accountants and portfolio managers. Excel has its use in practically all spheres of life, and anyone who has ever handled data has probably used Excel.Argument #3: Excel is very versatileExcel is a very versatile program and can be used to perform a diverse variety of tasks. It can be used to store personal or business data, a data converter, can perform simple functions of a calculator or complex functions that are required in a database management software. You can draw in it, add images, create charts and graphs, import data from internet and other programs, export data to other programs. You can sort data and arrange in many different ways, extract relevant information from a data range and use it for business, sales or trend analysis.EXCEL TRICKS TO INCREASE YOUR PRODUCTIVITY AS ENTREPRENEURGeneral ti ps when using ExcelMS Excel is a highly customizable software, you can personalize it fairly easily right from the beginning. There are shortcuts and templates available that let you create and navigate spreadsheets quickly and efficiently. You need to familiarize yourself with these shortcuts, templates and tips in order to get as much leverage as possible out of Excel.Excel allows you to customize its interface. You can change the way the ribbons are displayed and what you may wish to have in the toolbars. You can format text and numbers, change font and color, etc. Create templates, change the tab color and also how you work in Excel. It allows you to create macros, deal with calculations and analyses in your own way. Here is a great website that will teach you how to work with all these and much more.Major Features and Functions of ExcelThe basic features of all spreadsheet programs are common, and Excel is no exception. Other features include:Ribbon Tabs are visual menus that r emain open at the top of your workbook. Each tab contains a host of features that allow you to access quickly and use features and functions contained in the tab.Autosum allows you to add the contents of a range of adjacent cells.List Autofill automatically adds the cell format when a cell is added at the end of a list.AutoFill lets the user fill in repetitive or sequential data, such as numbering, date, alphabets, etc.AutoShapes allows the user to draw predefined geometrical shapes, lines, flowchart elements, arrows, etc. within the worksheet.Wizard provides useful hints and tips as you work and guides you. You can turn it off if you do not wish to use it.Drag and Drop allow you easily drag and drop data anywhere in the spreadsheet.Charts allows you to insert many different types of charts and diagrams within your worksheet based upon your data.Pivot table allows you to manipulate data to generate reports and analyze the data and it is perhaps the most powerful feature of Excel.Fun ctions and Formulas can be used within the cells allowing you to perform a variety of calculations, manipulations, presentation and extraction of information from your data. Insert Function button allows you to search for and insert functions within your cells. You can select a category (from a list of  12 major categories) and use a scroll down menu to choose the function that you wish to use. The functions that are available to the users are not contained to just financial calculations. It has functions that help to manage and clean up huge data and reconciling data.Initial Tricks in Excel Useful ShortcutsExcel allows you to use keyboard shortcuts to perform quickly certain actions and functions without using the mouse to navigate through the menus. These keyboard shortcuts are extremely useful while working in excel as they increase your productivity and cut down the time you spend working on a spreadsheet. Here are some of the shortcuts that are most useful.Function keys:F1 He lpF2 Allows you to edit the selected cellF4 Repeats last actionF5 Allows you to navigate to a specific cellF7 Spell checks a selected range or worksheetNavigation:CTRL+ARROW keys Moves to another section of the textCTRL+PGUP Moves between worksheets within the same workbookCTRL+PGDN Moves between worksheets within the same workbookSelection:SHIFT+ARROW keys Extends the selection from one cellSHIFT+CTRL+ARROW keys Extends the selection to the last cell that contains data in the same row or column.SHIFT+CTRL+8 Takes you to the top of the column.ALT keys for menus:ALT+1 Saves current fileALT+2 UndoALT+3 Redo last actionALT+F Opens File MenuALT+H Opens Home MenuALT+N Opens Insert MenuALT+P Opens Page Layout MenuALT+M Opens Formulas MenuALT+A Opens Data MenuALT+R Opens Review MenuALT+W Opens View MenuCTRL Key for easy access and formatting:CTRL+N Open a new fileCTRL+S Save a fileCTRL+O Open a dialog box where you can choose a file to open.CTRL+C Copy a selectionC TRL +V Paste a copied or cut selectionCTRL+X Cut a selection and save it on the clip-boardCTRL+A Select an entire sheetCTRL+B Apply or remove bold formattingCTRL+I Apply or remove italicized formattingCTRL+D Create a fill down command and copy content and format of the top cell to a selected range of cells belowCTRL+P Open the print dialog box so you can print your fileCTRL+U Apply or removed underline from a selected range of text or numberCTRL+Y Repeat the last command or actionCTRL+Z Undo command to delete or reverse the last action you performed.CTRL+5 Apply or remove strikethrough from text or numbers.Tips Tricks with Excel for Business PurposesThere are few people who are familiar with the big part of functions available in Excel. Most enterprises use only a few set of functions for their business analysis. Here are some great productivity features that are present in excel:Audit Toolbar: To trace the cells that are included in a formula use the Audit Tool Bar. It will graphically present the cells that are being used in the formula.Freezing Panes: You can freeze panes so that they remain visible while you scroll through the cells beneath. This is helpful when comparing data.Conditional Formatting: Lets the users change the formatting of a cell or range of cells to meet a specific criterion.Sparkline: Is a small chart that is used to identify trends within tables. They are also known as micro charts. You can find more information about sparkline here.Tricks Tips about using Pivot tableA pivot table is a tool that helps to summarize data in Excel and other spreadsheet and business software. A pivot table is capable of automatically sorting, totaling and providing an average of the data within a table or spreadsheet. Pivot table also allows creation of contingency tables. A user can change the summary by changing the fields graphically to create different data sets. Pivot table is an analytical and visualization tool.Report filters This is us ed to apply a filter to a whole table.Column labels These are used to apply filters to columns that need to be displayed in the pivot table. You can apply the filters to one or more columns at a time.Row labels These allow a user to apply filters to a row or several rows that need to be displayed in the pivot table.Values these are text or numerical values that can be used for calculations.A good introduction to using pivot tables you can find here. Excel Tricks with ChartsExcel lets you create charts quickly and easily from a selected range of data within a worksheet. Charts are great visualisations and make it easy to understand the trends and analyze the results. There is a variety of charts available in Excel to graphically present data (for example: pie, column, line, bar, area, radar charts). It is easy to customize and format your charts in Excel. You can:Remove any vertical gridlines;Change horizontal gridline color from black to a very light shade of gray;Adjust chart se ries colors to get better contrast;Adjust font scaling (for versions Excel 2003 and prior);Switch rows and columns;Add a title;Add data labels;Change the position of the legend;Remove/add or change background color;Change chart to another type say line chart to a bar chart.Tips for YouTube channels where you can learn more about Excel tricksIf you wish to learn Excel and its functions on your own, there are several channels on YouTube that can provide you with all the material you may need for self-study. Some of these are mentioned below.ExcelIsFunHowcast TechDanny Rock ExcelsNerds centralADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF EXCELLike any software, Excel too has its advantages and limitations.AdvantagesThe advantages that Excel provides its users are many and diverse. Some of the key advantages are:It makes it easy to analyze data, make comparisons and discover patterns with its powerful analytical tools.It has powerful filters that can handle comparably large amount of data. Its filters along with the sorting and searching tools help the users to analyze large data and narrow down criteria to help users to come to a decision quickly.It is scalable and can work on most machines without much trouble. You do not need to invest in a new machine to run the program.It allows collaboration with other people and within a team so several people can provide inputs to a worksheet.It has formulas and calculation features that make mathematical and statistical calculations easy.It can be used on smartphones and tablets. Other spreadsheet programs support Excel too allowing files to be imported and exported in Excel formats.It is easy to start working on it without much training.LimitationsThere are some limitations to what you can do with Excel, there are also glitches that are present. Some of these include:Though it is an easy to learn program for basic functions like creating tables and using mathematical functions, the program has so many functions and features that it take s a long time to master all the tools available.There is no way to trace where a data originates and or to determine an audit trail.It is a tedious and time-consuming job to enter data into Excel leading to human errors in data entry.MS Excel is a part and parcel of the MS Office Suite and requires a subscription to it. This makes Excel pretty expensive compared to other spreadsheets, some of which are available for free.CONCLUSIONThough it is a very popular software, Excel is not considered by experts an ideal software for running a large business. It may be a great financial software for small companies, but it cannot meet all the demands of a large business. It is good only for small businesses or individual users which do not handle or generate big amounts of data.

Plato and The Renaissance Essay - 1810 Words

Plato (428-347 B.C.E.) is considered to be one of the greatest philosophers the world has ever known. Though concerned with specific problems of his own era, Platos ideas transcend all time. Throughout the ages his works have been translated into many languages and studied by great thinkers of every region of the world. A revival of Platonic thought occurred during the Renaissance. Though Platos ideas have survived in their original forms, translators and commentators during Renaissance times often understood them in a very different way than intended. Platos ideas were ahead of their time, but he was nevertheless clearly a product of Classical Greek culture. Many of his dialogues question beliefs of and praise the Greek gods.†¦show more content†¦Plato used these as a foundation, but expanded on them to defend more specific truths through subtle reasoning and inquiry.4 He also wove Socrates concepts of ethics in to other subjects of philosophy, such as politics and me taphysics. Much has changed in the world since Platos time, and at face value it is a wonder that interest in his ideas still survives. Religion has close ties with ethics and metaphysics, and though the Romans did relatively little to change the Greek faiths, the massive shift toward Christianity led by emperor Constantine in 313 C.E. redefined the appearance of religion severely.5 Christianity proposed very different views on class systems, piety, homosexuality, and divinity. The separation of church and state in the form of emperor and pope was a new form of rule that Plato had not anticipated in his writing, and popular political leaders returned to the old custom of hereditary monarchy in later generations. The expectation of servitude by the people to the rulers became much more obvious and widespread after the death of the purist democracy, something Plato would have undoubtedly been disgusted by. Despite the changing times, Platos writing survived and was studied not jus t as a collection of historical artifacts but for their continually valid philosophical insights. It was once thought that ifShow MoreRelatedRaphael’s The School of Athens: Classical Philosophers in a Renaissance Work1159 Words   |  5 PagesThe European Renaissance was the time period after the Dark Ages. In the Renaissance, radical new ideas like humanism and individualism took foot. Also, art and science were re-embraced for the first time in Europe since classical times. Art in the Renaissance became much more realistic and advanced using new techniques such as chiaroscuro (using high contrast to add depth to a painting), foreshortening (adjusting line length and angle to make 2-D objects look 3-D), and much more accurate perspectiveRead MorePlato And His Influences On Plato s Philosophy1370 Words   |  6 PagesPlato and His Influences’ Plato and His Influences’ Plato was a philosopher of ancient Greek in Athens, Greece who was born in 427bce and die in 347, both of his parents are from Greek aristocracy. He is the founder of the Academy, the first institution in the Western world and best known for his works of unparalleled influence. Plato is considered to have laid the foundation of Western philosophy and science. He was a teacher of Aristotle, his mostRead MoreEssay on Raphael and His Genius912 Words   |  4 PagesRaffaello Sanzio was an amazing artist from the late 1400’s to the early 1500’s who created many amazing paintings that helped change the style of medieval art to Renaissance art. Without him the style of art now would most likely be more primitive and not as advanced as art should be. This is because he made many advances, including more realistic painting. His most important paintings include â€Å"The School Of Athens†, the â€Å"Sistine Madonna†, and the â€Å"Marriage of the Virgin†. Not only are thoseRead MoreThe Fall Of Death, Destruction And War879 Words   |  4 PagesIn the wake of death, destruction and war came the renaissance. The renaissance was an era of cultural rebirth that swept across Europe during the 14th to 17th century . This era marked the time in which man returned to their classical learning and values of ancient ro me and greece and began to change their attitude towards religion (history.com staff). While the renaissance is in the past it continues to live on throughout many different fields of art, theories and movements, however, paintingsRead MoreEssay on Raphael Sanzios Life and Accomplishments889 Words   |  4 PagesRaffaello Sanzio was an amazing artist from the late 1400’s to the early 1500’s, who created many amazing paintings that helped change the style of medieval art to Renaissance art. Without him, the style of art now would most likely be more primitive and not as advanced as it should be. This is because he made many advances including more realistic painting. His most important paintings include â€Å"The School Of Athens†, the â€Å"Sistine Madonna†, and the â€Å"Marriage of the Virgin†. Not only are thoseRead MoreThe Renaissance Era915 Words   |  4 PagesIn the wake of death, destruction, and war came the Renaissance. The Renaissa nce was an era of cultural rebirth that swept across Europe during the 14th to the 17th century . This era marked the time in which man returned to their classical learning and values of ancient Rome and Greece and began to change their attitude towards religion (Renaissance Art). While the Renaissance is in the past it continues to live on throughout many different fields of art, theories and movements. However, paintingsRead MoreSir Thomas More s Utopia And Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince1454 Words   |  6 Pagesreflect the ideals of the Renaissance. Their reflections of the Renaissance are similar; however, their representations of the Renaissance also have distinct differences. The Renaissance or â€Å"rebirth† was a cultural movement that accompanied the passage of Europe from the Middle Ages to modern times. Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian civic humanist, historian, diplomat, philosopher, politician, and writer during the Renaissance. He applied the values of the Renaissance to his political treatise,Read MoreWestern Humanities Midterm Essay785 Words   |  4 Pageslife was quite similar to ours. Plato believed that in a perfect system of government everyone should be educated from birth as best as possible and I completely agree with this. According to Plato, we should have three classes of people, the ruling class, the military and the working citizens. Although we have different classes in our society today, the distinction is not so large that we would be forced to stay in a certain class. Fortunately, most classes as Plato thought of are chosen occupationsRead MoreThe Renaissance Italian City Of Italy976 Words   |  4 PagesRaphael was born in the Renaissance Italian city-state of Urbino in central Italy. Urbino was said to be one of the cultural centers of Italy, a place where artists went to be successful. His father, Giovanni, was a painter and poet for the local Duke. As at a young age, Raphael started leaning basics of painting from his father. His father died when he was 11 years old. Even after the death of his father, Raphael never gave up on art. Working out of his father’s workshop, he improved his artisticRead MoreRenaissance in Europe829 Words   |  4 PagesDuring a time period from approximately 1375 to 1527, an event known as the Renaissance took place in Europe. This was the establishment of an entirely new way of life; there was a vast rebirth of knowledge and arts which changed Europe completely. Due to events such as the rediscovery of classical works, the Black Death, the invention of the printing press, and the development of humanism, the Renaissance greatly influenced Europe on many levels. Europe gained more wealth, which led to the progression

John Oliver Rhetorical Analysis - 1401 Words

Using Theories to Assess Improve Messaging: John Oliver and the New York Yankees Analyzing communication messages through late-night shows varies. Mixing humor with specific news stories provides an interesting message, depending on the audience. Last Week Tonight With John Oliver uses specific news segments and analyzes it through the use of extensive research and humor. This includes his segment on the New York Yankees, where he makes it very clear which position he is taking on the issue. This segment dives into the elitist practices of the Yankees organization, which include not allowing fans to print out tickets at home and opening the elite Legends Club with expensive premium seats. Through the use of effective theories and†¦show more content†¦The winners of Oliver’s ticket giveaway wore costumes like the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, unicorns and sharks. When compared to the negative audience response toward Lonn Trost, the response toward John Oliverâ₠¬â„¢s offer is extremely positive, and resonates with the audience as a result. In order to make Oliver’s use of pathos effective is to have effective uses of logos and ethos. However, Oliver relies more on logos than ethos in this segment. In each of his shows, Oliver backs up his claims by showing studies and news stories relating back to his argument. His segment on the New York Yankees is no different, as he uses a variety of different sources. For example, when explaining the Yankees â€Å"elitist† policies, Oliver shows a commercial for the New York Yankees Legends Club, which is for wealthy season ticket holders. By using this source, he backs up his claim on how elitist the Yankees are when compared to other sports teams. Oliver’s use of the three artistic proofs was overall very effective and funny, which is especially important towards his audience. The show’s media spectrum falls mainly on the Internet, where about 94% of Oliver’s demographic watches his show, while the audience s’ top interests are entertainment, media, famous people and societal issues. When looking at audience demographics, John Oliver is generally doing an excellent job of using an argument to persuade hisShow MoreRelatedHistorical Background And Point Of View1973 Words   |  8 Pagesas Lincoln stated in his Gettysburg Address, â€Å"that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.† Rhetorical Style Analysis Title In modern society, people are always looking for excitement in entertainment. The newest James Bond movie will always outdo a documentary in the box office, and characters such as John Wilkes Booth and Abraham Lincoln fall to the side as a boring history lesson. However, while not in the same style as a Jason Bourne film, theRead MoreBlack Beauty2282 Words   |  10 Pagesits publication. Black Beauty was distributed not only by booksellers, but also by campaigners for the animal rights. This novel served as an instrument in changing the attitude of the people towards horses and other domestic animals as well. Analysis Anna Sewell used Physiological Psychology approach in her novel Black Beauty. Physiological Psychology is the study of biological basis of behavior and mental processes. She specifically employed Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning and B.F. Skinner’sRead MoreThe Athenian And Roman Empires7856 Words   |  32 Pages John Haberstroh HIST 211 Winter 2017 Dr. Salzman Aelius Aristides on the Athenian and Roman Empires: ÃŽÅ"ÏÅ'ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š and ÃŽ ¦ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ »ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¸Ã Ãâ€°Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± in the Panathenaicus and Roman Oration Introduction By the first century BC, the Rome had become a Pan-Mediterranean Empire. Its imperial apparatus spanned from Britain to Egypt and included a diverse body of peoples. The Romans inherited in their eastern provinces a world with a long tradition of cities and urbanism.1 Cities were a major factor in how the Roman EmpireRead MoreRacism And Slavery During The 19th Century2451 Words   |  10 Pagesabout the appearance and intelligence of black Africans to radical alternative solutions to the slavery problem. These are probably opinions that Carlyle has gathered from the British under-class and upper-class, plantation owners, such as his friend John Stirling, and some of the remaining pro-slavery elite he met in London, all fused into one. It brings the contemporary reader into the feelings and controversies of the time. The present day reader might find some of the facts and figures incredibleRead MoreThe Hours - Film Analysis12007 Words   |  49 Pagessections named Mrs. Brown narrate one day in the life of Laura Brown, living in Los Angeles in 1949, who on that day begins to read Mrs. Dalloway. The Hours, a postmodernist fabric woven out of intertextual references, uses pastiche as its primary rhetorical device. Pastiche, like parody, involves the imitation or, better still, the mimicry of other styles (Jameson 113), but in contrast to parody, the compilation of both the forms and the contents of anterior texts is neither necessarily criticalRead MoreFjjj7044 Words   |  29 Pagesfor independent thinking and life-long learning acknowledge the work and ideas of others be innovative in their thinking and work practices Yes Innovative and Flexible be flexible in their approach be able to apply creativity and logical analysis to solving business and social issues appreciate the social and ethical dimensions of business be able to make informed choices for the benefit of society be able to work and network effectively with others appreciate the links between ideas andRead MoreRational Appeasement15291 Words   |  62 Pagessocializing or reforming the aggressor+ Mine does not+ Given multiple threats, one should often appease even if one views the aggressor as unreformable+ The goal is not to change the challenger but to deter others from imitating the aggressor+ Third, my analysis concerns the strategic dilemma for states facing multiple potential challenges+ Two recent articles show it can be rational to appease when there is only one potential challenger+ Hirshleifer argues that appeasement can be effective if aggressionRead MoreRethinking Mercantalism Essay15042 Words   |  61 Pageseconomy and empire, the Warwick eighteenth-century seminar, the participants in the Yale/NYU workshop on political economy and empire, Amanda Behm, Maxine Berg, Trevor Burnard, Mara Caden, Megan Cherry, Justin duRivage, Avner Offer, Jim Robinson, John Shovlin, Abby Swingen, James Vaughn, and Carl Wennerlind for their comments on this article. 1 Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. 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Why Homework Is Bad Free Essays

For decades, teachers have delegated homework to students. The purpose of homework is to discover if students understand the material well enough to complete an assignment on their own. Yet, is homework really helping kids or hurting them? From teachers’ point of view, homework is helpful to get an idea of how well students understand the material. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Homework Is Bad or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand, from the parents’ and students’ point of view, homework is extremely stressful and time-consuming. I believe that homework doesn’t help students and may actually be hurting them. First, homework isn’t helping kids as they rarely have time to get outside and be active. Without time to get outside and exercise, more and more kids are being diagnosed with ADHD and obesity. They don’t get to have fun and let out energy so when they are at school for seven hours a day they have a harder time concentrating. This has become a growing problem with middle and high school students as many schools have taken out physical education from the school schedule. When kids get home, they won’t have time for exercise if they have hours of homework waiting for them. Second, kids are only kids once and need time to do what they want. They need creative outlets for their personal interests, like music, drama, and sports. If kids have no time to do what they want, are they going to be happy? Of course not! If they aren’t happy, will they try their best in school? Doubtful. When tired kids get overwhelmed with work, they block out or miss important information in the classroom. Then, they don’t have what they need to know for their homework and what about that test next week in Spanish class? Are they going to get a good grade on that? No! Not completing homework has a domino effect. When the teacher explains tonight’s homework and stressed kids don’t get it, let’s just say, â€Å"It’s going to be a very long night! † Kids can get so upset over homework; it doesn’t only affect the child but also the parents. Wouldn’t life be so much easier without homework? A third reason that homework doesn’t help is that children are growing and need more sleep. Now that homework has become a huge part of a child’s night, it is still being done late into the night. Most kids are getting less than seven hours of sleep. If kids don’t get a good night’s sleep, how do parents and teachers expect them to do their best in school? When kids are tired, they are more likely to get overwhelmed and stressed. If exhausted, do you think their work is going to be quality? No! Doing poorly on homework impacts kids’ grades. Homework has become something that children stress over every night. Let’s put it this way, homework is not helping. It is causing more kids to get diagnosed with ADHD and obesity since they don’t have the time to just get outside and play in the bright, sunny outdoors . Because they have homework piling up, they have less time to just be kids and do what they want. Also, kids don’t get enough sleep with so much homework every night! Think about what life would be like without homework. The world would be a better place and kids would be doing so much better in school. Have you ever thought about the fact that children spend most of their day doing school related things? Does homework still seem like a good idea? ? How to cite Why Homework Is Bad, Papers

Quality Planning And Analysis-Get Free samples solution

Question: Describe about the design and production of electronic device. Answer: 1. Introduction- Mobile phones are most commonly used electronic product in the modern market. It helps in connecting the people. There are various electronics products available in the market such as, television, refrigerator and mobile phones. They help to meet the needs of the people. Mobile phones help the people to get connected with each other. Television entertains the people. Refrigerator is used to keep the vegetables fresh. Thus, electronic devices are bearing various features which make them important in the daily life of the human being. The functions of electronic devices are discussed below- Automation in work Work Accuracy The characteristics of electronic devices are- Quick performance of work Accuracy in work Use of electricity rather than man power. Simplification of work Less consumption of time Improvement in the efficiency of work. Thus, there are various advantages of electronic devices in todays modern world. Some of the examples of electronic devices that has made the work simple and comfortable are fans, mixer grinder, air conditioner, etc. 2. Customer Satisfaction- It is necessary to develop an effective plan of change and to implement it. It is the involvement of managers and employees with the extent of co creation and involvement of them in depth towards the change of the electronic device. The external stakeholders of the business are the customers. Their involvement is measured with the help of various approaches such as simulation, testing and the interventions through pivots, etc, Stakeholders are involved in the change plan to the extent of their selling. Various channels are used to keep them informed about the change so made. 2.1. Stakeholder Analysis- The ten Stakeholders that expect from the electronic devices are discussed below- The manufacturer who manufactures the electronic devices expects that the raw materials should be made readily available for their production. It should be able to meet the cost. The Wholesaler who sells the products and is the intermediary for reaching the product in the market. They, expect the product should be capable enough to be sold in the market. Product should meet the needs. The retailer is the seller of the electronic devices at retail level. He should see that products are readily sold in the open market. Products should meet the needs of the large number of people. The customers who are purchasing the electronic devices expect that they should satisfy their needs. The product should stand up to their expectation. General Public expects complete about the product. They want to know the features of the product available in the market. The user is the one who uses the electronic device. He expects that the devices are as per their needs. They expect that device should be able to satisfy their want. The technician is the one who test the electronic devices. He expects that the devices are safely made and will not cause any harm to the life of the users. The demonstrator expects that the product is as per the demo shown by him. He expects he has the complete knowledge of the product. The workers who are working on the products expect that the products are safe to work upon and are well tested. Any other stakeholder who is directly or indirectly related with the electronic devices expect that their use should be safe and should be able to give customer satisfaction. (Six-Sigma-Material.com, 2016) 2.2. Capturing the Customer Needs- The four methods of capturing the customer needs are- Identifying the customer. Who they exactly are. These customers can be internal or external. Each customer is having their own need. SIPOC can be used as a tool in the same. Collect is the collection of the needs of the customers. This includes the conduct of survey, service level agreement copy, etc. Survey, market research and interviews can be used as the tool in the same. Comparison of the information so collected in order to decide on the best one. Analyse is the examination of the information so compared in order to make them relevant with the project. It includes the qualitative as well as quantitative survey. Thus, it can be accordingly decided whether the need of the customer should be segmented to a group or not. Segmentation and Affinity diagram can be used in the same. In a translate, requirements that are analysed are turned into a meaningful data through tolerances as well as specification. Kano Analysis and CTS trees are used as the tool. Electronic devices need to be operated in the different parts of the world. Thus, it has become essential for the electronic devices to consider various factors that are necessary for the purpose of expansion. Prior objective of electronic devices is to achieve optimum satisfaction and maximum customer satisfaction. Thus, the electronic devices ensures the completion of 91% of target in order to reach to the maximum point of performance. With proper building up of the strategies the performance of the electronic devices can be improved and it also helps in the optimum performance of the electronic device. The important strategy of the electronic device is to deliver its services among the large number of customers. Such services are delivered in a systematic way to the different categories of customers. This will help to spread its services all over. 2.3. Customer Needs Analysis (Kano Analysis)- Translate phase can be taken which include kano analysis. The above is the diagram of kano analysis. The 25 customer needs are as follows- 10 wants of the customers with regards to the electronic devices are as follows- The product should be cheaper Electronic device should be able to complete the work within a short span of time It should be accurate Simple to use It should meet the comfort level of the customers It should be efficient in performance It should be good at quality It should provide them maximum satisfaction It should be able to save their time It should preserve the energy. 10 musts of the customers with regards to the electronic devices are- The cost of the product should be less The quality of the electronic device should be high The product should be safe The product should be able to meet the comfort. It should be able to save the time of the customer It should be able to save the money of the customers It should consume less energy It should be eco friendly It should meet the needs efficiently It should be accurate in devoting its performance. 5 desirables of the customers with regards to the electronic devices are Electronic devices are safe at use Electronic devices are consuming the electricity They are good to nature Electronic devices are less expensive Electronic devices also helps to save the time of the customer as the work is done very speedily. The value chain model in the strategic change management of the Electronic device electronic device includes the following- A system of personnel management- It includes open management which includes the autonomy and employees creativity. This helps to enhance the efficiency and increases the competitiveness. Electronic device is following the management policy of people first. Regional specialists are involved in bringing up the emerging market. A system of design and marketing is playing an important role in the success of Electronic device electronic device. Electronic device strongly focuses on the customers by understanding their needs and by satisfying them. It continuously interacts with its user. It is continuously launching new products and entering into new market. Management is based on the quality. It focuses mainly on the technology resources. It is linked up with the technology and the human. Because of the emergence of flat screen TV and the mobile phone, Electronic device is competing with the leading companies, Apple and Sony. A system of Hybrid Management adopted American style of system. Innovative strategies are developed with the help of successful modeling. Various services are provided in order to improve the business value. It is following the American style of HR and Japanese style in the management of operation. Innovative techniques help to bring competency in the electronic device. Effective strategy involves the talent acquisition and the talent deployment. Research was carried out. Strategy was built up for the development of services and to fulfil the needs of the purchasing process and the decentralization of bases of the purchasing process. There is a need for simplifying the procedure of the purchasing process, to delegate the authority in order to comply with the strategic plan at both interior level and the state level. The ideas and work experience are considered. Goals of the research are the implementation of new mechanism in the process of purchase by the purchasing department. To mandate the purchasing authority with the regional leader. The Electronic device are having good scope in Purchase. Proper recording and maintenance of invoices helps to keep them for future records. (Six-Sigma-Material.com, 2016) 3. Design Requirements- 3.1. Translating Customer Needs into design requirements (QFD)- The minimum 10 design requirements using the quality function deployment method are as follows- Requirement of customers- It is the identification of the price of the market and the analysis of the process. Information is gathered from the customers on their requirements. Affinity diagram and the tree diagram are used to evaluate the data. Requirements that are regulatory- Documents requirements will be dictated and the standard that are regulatory will adhere to. (Institute, 2016) Rating importance to customers- The rating is done by the customers on the scale of 1 to 5. Competition on customer ratings- It will be the competitive advantage to rate the competition. It is the rating of the products based on the competition. House of quality can include remodeling. Complaints of the customers, improvement in the goals and the opportunities of the sale can be added in it. Descriptor that are technical- Descriptors that are technical can be measured against the competition. Measurements are made to meet the needs of the customers. Improvement direction- for the movement direction of the descriptor, strong determination is made. (Npd-solutions.com, 2016) Relationship matrix is determining the needs of the customers and the ability of the customers to meet those needs. The relationship strength between the needs of customers and the technical descriptor. Difficulty in the organisation shall include the rating of the design attribute. There may be conflict between some of the attributes. Stock holding of the electronic device may be in conflict with the number of sizes. Competitor products technical analysis is about understanding the competition and a conduct of technical descriptor. Technical descriptor target value is achieved for each of descriptor by the QFD team. It can be the base line of the complaint made. (Brian C. McDaniel, 2016) There are various models used in the current economy- Generic Value chain model which includes old capability advantage and the new capability advantage. The capabilities are divided into the various departments- Design, research and development, distribution, marketing and the supply chain. Again it is sub divided into Engineer and designers as well as advertisers and the hire of best resources. Professional training becomes essential as the electronic device is trying to increase its business. (Mddionline.com, 2016) It is necessary to give suitable training to the employees of the electronic device to increase their productivity. It is necessary that the employees should have deep knowledge about the products. There are two market economies one is the liberal and the another one is the co ordinate which focuses on the expansion of business of the electronic device. Liberal market economies involve the more interference of the government which hampers the growth of the electronic device. The Electronic devices goal is to provide high quality products as well as services. Success of the electronic device depends upon the inter firm co operation as well as interaction. Products so produced are sold to the people. It is necessary to create awareness of the product in order to sell them more. Electronic device products are commonly used by the people. Satisfying the customers, expansion and making up of profit are some of the important objectives of the business. It is necessary for the electronic device to make estimations on expansion. If there is increase in the number of customers there will be increase in profitability of the electronic device. Customers purchase the products at cheaper rate. (Sebelius, 2014) 3.2. Design Risk Analysis (FMEA) Cross functional areas are assembled showing the knowledge about the needs of the customers, their services and the products. It functions include the sales, marketing and the quality. FMEA scope need to be identified. It is to be identified for the design, process and the system. The identification information of the FMEA form need to be filled out. (Sebelius, 2014) The scope functions need to be identified. The purpose of the product and services are identified. Scope is break down into various sub systems and parts. Identification of the way in which the failures can occur. It is the mode of potential failures. (Brian C. McDaniel, 2016) 4. Supplier Selection and Evaluation- 4.1. Identifying the components- The ten major components of the products that can be sourced from the suppliers are- Part of the products The component of the electronic device that has been failed and is not readily available in the market. Hard to find components insufficient stock Bankruptcy vanishes the supplier of the component from the business. Natural calamities result into scarcity of the components. Regulations on the environment such as ROHS (Procurementmanagement.pressbooks.com, 2016) In order to qualify the suppliers, international standard reports are available. Clear setting up of the expectations and the requirements Competitive price availability and delivery becomes possible. Compliance with the various regulatory framework and the friendliness of the environment. (Cwu.edu, 2016) 4.2. Developing the supplier selection criteria- The part of the electronic device such as the ICE chip In this case, the supplier should be known for his quality performance He should be able to offer the discount He is known for the particular component in the market The timeliness in providing the services The accuracy in the services Services are provided in a more efficient manner He is competitive in the market as far as the quality is concerned He is reliable for that component in the market After the hitting up of the growth rate, supplier is tapped into Major contributions are made to the product by the supplier causing innovation. 4.3. Constructing and using a supplier selection system- The selection of the supplier shall depend upon certain criteria- Supplier A- Proper finances are available, Innovation techniques are used in the supplies, Quality in the supply is maintained, and timeliness in providing the services and the competitiveness is provided in the services. Supplier B- Finance are not much available, innovation techniques are not much in use, quality in the supply is not much maintained, there is not much timeliness in providing the services and there is not much competitiveness provided in the services. Supplier C- Services are provided at a cheaper rate, supplier is more reliable, quality is maintained in providing the services, cost is not much high of the goods supply and there is proper allocation of time in the supply. 4.4. Conclusion- Thus, it is clear from the above that various points are considered for the selection of the supplier. The selection of the supplier depends upon various criteria. Time, quality, accuracy and reliability matters a lot in the selection of the supplier. (Anon, 2016) 5. Statistical Process Control- 5.1. Identifying the process- The processes that can be used in producing the electronic devices are- Several action encompassing the design services after the determination of the customers specification taking place. Testing is used after completing a product run. It shall include the laboratory testing, compliance testing, etc. Manufacturing of the different products. It include the through hole technology where the component is mounted based on the holes that are drilled in the board Surface mount technology are less expensive and are soldered on the top of the board. Micro electric include the manufacture of chip on the board. Optoelectronic include the controlling, detecting of the light. Wireless devices used in the tele communication and transfer of data application. Prototype is the follow of design shape with the testing up of the product concept. Specification of the production volume. It includes medium, low and high volume. (Anon, 2016) 5.2. Monitoring process using SPC charts- X bar chart- Continuously scaled variables are considered. It is taken on any value. It is measured on specific interval. Value between 1 and 10 can be considered over here. Statistical control of measurement is there. There is hardly any random variation in the process. X bar shows the measurement of sample. X bar values are represented by a line on a chart. R chart- Central tendency is expressed through X bar, whereas, each sample variance within an overtime control is expressed through R chart. In the R chart, points plotted will be the R, mean will be the central line on the R bar. The B factor will be the upper control limit. The C factor on the R bar will be the lower control limit. P chart- P value is plotted on the p chart. The p chart centre line will be the series of p value. The above and below the centre line will be the control limit. It can be calculated with the following equation- UCLp = pbar + zp (Asq.org, 2016) C Chart- It contains the attributes that are calculated without the size of the sample. Various range of defects are counted. C bar is the centre line where there average of the C values are shown. LCLc = pbar z c Control chart is used to determine the business process through a statistical control. 5.3. Constructing and using a SPC chart- For Testing is used after completing a product run. It shall include the laboratory testing, compliance testing, etc. UCLp = pbar + zp LCLp = p bar + zp Where the sigma p bar = 0.657 and control limit UCL = 0.258 and LCL = 0.256 day late p 1 20 0.1 2 10 0.5 3 10 0.17 4 14 0.25 5 10 0.19 6 14 0.23 7 15 0.25 p-bar 1.69 6. Problem Solving- 6.1. Identifying the problems and problem solving tools- The problems that are faced while using the products and services are- There are faulty in the use of the electronic chip Failure in one of the component of the electronic device There is time consuming process involved in the use of the electronic device Device is not safely made More energy is consumed by the electronic device. (Asq.org, 2016) The seven tools of quality are as follows- Control chart, scatter diagram, histogram, check sheet, cause and effect relationship diagram, pareto chart and the stratification. 6.2. Constructing and using the problem solving tools- There are faulty in the use of the electronic chip Cause effect diagram is used to show the fish like shape of the defects that are prevailing in the environment, methods and machines. C chart showing the quality characteristics. It shows the graphical performance of UCL, LCL and CL. Histogram that shows the graphical representation of frequency in the form of bar. In a Scatter diagram, quality characteristic of the defect in electronic device is shown through dots. References- Asq.org. (2016).Problem Solving Steps Process - Learning Resources | ASQ. Brian C. McDaniel, M. (2016).Statistical Process Control (SPC) Tutorial. Services.byu.edu. (2016).Statistical Process Control (SPC) Analysis: Control Charts. Six-Sigma-Material.com. (2016).SPC Charts - Statistical Process Control Charts. Mddionline.com. (2016). Sebelius, P. (2014).FMEA and Risk management according to ISO 14971. Npd-solutions.com. (2016).Customer-Focused Development With QFD. Procurementmanagement.pressbooks.com. (2016).Supplier selection and evaluation | BLC 304/05 Procurement Management.

Report on Cultures Values

A culture’s values are attributes that demonstrate what most members of a culture believe in and that control their actions. Studies confirm that most values are learned. This report analyses some of the studies and explains the role played by culture in influencing crucial decision-making in business and the society. It explains the extent to which values are culture-specific. In addition, this report uses specific examples to illustrate that most values are culture-specific; however, it also illustrates that some values may be innate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Report on Culture’s Values specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some important findings show that values are culture-specific. Maloney (2009) carried out a research and discovered that human beings learn everything from others. In his book, Maloney says that human beings are not born with acquaintance or traits. He says we acquire them fro m our neighbourhood. Maloney argues that if a child were to be born in the United Kingdom and be exchanged with another in Ethiopia, he would grow to be a unique individual. For example, his diet, dressing, entertainment would be unique. The researcher say healthcare, living-conditions, and lifestyles may influence a person’s appearance, body functionality, and thoughts. He says that the environment in which a person lives determines his/her height. A part from genetics, an individual’s height is determined by quality of food, healthcare, physical environment, among others. Notably, the environment also determines the opinions and beliefs of an individual. Additionally, other researchers have said that human beings are social animals that depend on behavioural modification, which determine how they develop cognitively (Hofstede, 1980). Human beings are programmed to emulate actions from other cultures. However, it is also true that we cannot interfere with pre-existing interpersonal behaviours. Experts agree there are different programming layers that help to develop our character. Nevertheless, there are no people with the same programming. The difference mean even those living in the same environment cannot be completely identical. Everyone gathers information from different viewpoints. However, researchers also say that residents of an area often develop common values (Hofstede, 1980). They commonly develop behavioural aspects relating to religion, politics, ethnicity, and racism, among others. No one is born either a Christian or Muslim. Religious groups usually live in different regions. For example, when Muslims live in an area, Catholics will live in a different area. Children born and living in these areas usually emulate the same cultural values and behaviours. Children’s behaviours are influenced by circumstances in which they are born. A baby cannot be born with bad behaviours. A baby, therefore, is not born with bad characters. Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the same time, there are innate cultures. Holway(2012) says that the innate values form a natural moral sense that helps a person to recognize what is good or bad. The expert illustrates this by using an example of a child who says to another,’ come on, you promised’. This, he says, shows that children have natural moral sense. He explains that the statement appeals to the value of honesty, which people the world over would accept since they are born with natural values. Culture has influence on all values relating to social and economic aspects. In the heath sector, for example, it has contributed in shaping methodologies of treatment and communication that different communities prefer. Research shows that Asians and Pacific Islanders have cultural values that determine how they should be given medical attention. Their extended families have great influence on the treatment process. The key decision maker and representative is usually the oldest male in the family. They believe that the respect for the entire family is of more importance than that for an individual. The authority of the elderly is usually unquestioned. This culture does not entertain direct confrontation but advocates for harmony. Therefore, due to the need to respect the authority, there is often very little confrontation between patients and healthcare professionals. Nevertheless, lack of confrontation does not imply that patients always agree to comply with the doctor’s instructions (How Culture Influences Health Beliefs, n. d.). Cultural differences also have impact on business. Businesspersons often deal with cultural challenges while marketing their products. A cross-cultural analysis on the effect of culture on marketing revealed that implementation of public relations cannot succeed if the locals’ culture is not reco gnized. Pepsodent Company, for example, attempted to market its toothpaste in Southeastern Asia by emphasizing, â€Å"It whitens your teeth.†The marketing plan did not bear fruit. The problem is that it did not analyze the cross-cultural differences prior to beginning the work. It should have known that the natives love blackened teeth (Different Cultures – Different PR Campaigns, 2006). Business Communication in India is also influenced with cultural values of the locals. For example, Indians commonly do business with those that they trust. They understand the value communal trust. Therefore, it is advisable to go through third party introduction when you want to trade with them (India – Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette, n.d.). Evidently, researchers agree that most values are learned. A business can therefore develop its corporate culture by exposing its employees to the right trading environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Report on Culture’s Values specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Presentation of Report on Culture’s Values Introduction A culture’s values are attributes that show what most members of a culture believe in and guide their decisions Studies show that most valued are learned Learned Values Some researchers say human beings learn everything from others (Maloney, 2009) Maloney illustrates this by saying if a newborn baby in Ethiopia is transferred to the United Kingdom, he/she will adopt unique values that do not conform to those of native Ethiopians. According to Hofstede(1980), human beings are social animals.- they depend on behavioural modification to live. Naturally, they are programmed to copy lifestyles and actions from other social groups. One cannot interfere with pre-existing interpersonal behaviours- those dwelling in the same locations usually develop common values-but not completely similar values (Hofst ede, 1980). Commonly shared behavioural aspects include religion, political views, and racism – children born in the affected regions usually copy the people’s lifestyles. Factors that influence change in cultural values are healthcare, living conditions, life-style, among others. Values that are not learned (innate values) A few scholars accept that there are innate values Holway(2012) says the values form natural moral sense. He adds that children understand the value of justice and honesty- they freely complain when other are denied justice. People the world over accept the values of honesty and justice- People accept the values everywhere because they are in born (Holway, 2012). Impact of Cultural Values Cultural values influence decision making in all levels of life. Decision in the health, business, or education sector are influenced by cultural values Illustration of the Impact (Using different cultural groups) Asians have a culture that gives authority to leaders, therefore, undermining consultation efforts between doctors and patients. Pepsodent Company tried to mark it toothpaste in Southeastern Asia and failed.-Its marketers did not know the locals love to have black teeth. Business relations and communication in India reflects on the culture of honesty and mutual respect. A foreign investor ought to demonstrate honesty and trustworthiness to succeed Note: a few values are innate. A majority are learned. References Different Cultures – Different PR Campaigns. (2006). Free Online Dating Service SearchYourLove. Web. Hofstede, G. H. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work- Related Values. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. Holway, R. (2012). Becoming Achilles child-sacrifice, War, and Misrule in the Iliad and Beyond. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. How Culture Influences Health Beliefs. (n.d.). Euromed Info — Gesundheit und Vorsorge im ÃÅ"berblick. Web. India – Language, C ulture, Customs and Etiquette. (n.d.). Intercultural Communication . Web.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Maloney, M. (2009). Human Behavior. Web. This essay on Report on Culture’s Values was written and submitted by user Laurel Miles to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Margaret Sanger Biography - Birth Control Advocate

Margaret Sanger Biography - Birth Control Advocate Known for: advocating birth control and womens health Occupation: nurse, birth control advocateDates: September 14, 1879 - September 6, 1966 (Some sources, including Websters Dictionary of American Women and Contemporary Authors Online (2004) give her birth year as 1883.)Also Known as: Margaret Louise Higgins Sanger Margaret Sanger Biography Margaret Sanger was born in Corning, New York.   Her father was an Irish immigrant, and her mother an Irish-American.   Her father was a free-thinker and her mother a Roman Catholic.   She was one of eleven children, and blamed her mothers early death on both the familys poverty and her mothers frequent pregnancies and childbirths. So Margaret Higgins decided to avoid her mothers fate, becoming educated and having a career as a nurse.   She was working towards her nursing degree at White Plains Hospital in New York when she married an architect and left her training.   After she had three children, the couple decided to move to New York City.   There, they became involved in a circle of feminists and socialists.    In 1912, Sanger wrote a column on womens health and sexuality called What Every Girl Should Know for the Socialist Party paper, the  Call. She collected and published articles as What Every Girl Should Know (1916) and What Every Mother Should Know (1917).   Her 1924 article, The Case for Birth Control, was one of many articles she published. However, the  Comstock Act of 1873 was used to forbid distribution of birth control devices and information. Her article on venereal disease was declared obscene in 1913 and banned from the mails. In 1913 she went to Europe to escape arrest. When she returned from Europe, she applied her nursing education as a visiting nurse on the Lower East Side of New York City. In working with immigrant women in poverty, she saw many instances of women suffering and even dying from frequent pregnancies and childbirths, and also from miscarriages. She recognized that many women attempted to deal with unwanted pregnancies with self-induced abortions, often with tragic results to their own health and lives, affecting their ability to care for their families. She was forbidden under government censorship laws from providing information on contraception. In the radical middle-class circles in which she moved, many women were availing themselves of contraceptives, even if their distribution and information about them were banned by law. But in her work as a nurse, and influenced by Emma Goldman, she saw that poor women didnt have the same opportunities to plan their motherhood. She came to believe that unwanted pregnancy was the biggest barrier to a working class or poor womans freedom. She decided that the laws against information on contraception and distribution of contraceptive devices were unfair and unjust, and that she would confront them. She founded a paper, Woman Rebel, on her return. She was indicted for mailing obscenities, fled to Europe, and the indictment was withdrawn. In 1914 she founded the National Birth Control League which was taken over by Mary Ware Dennett and others while Sanger was in Europe. In 1916 (1917 according to some sources), Sanger set up the first birth control clinic in the United States and, the following year, was sent to the workhouse for creating a public nuisance. Her many arrests and prosecutions, and the resulting outcries, helped lead to changes in laws, giving doctors the right to give birth control advice (and later, birth control devices) to patients. Her first marriage, to architect William Sanger in 1902, ended in divorce in 1920. She was remarried in 1922 to J. Noah H. Slee, though she kept her by-then-famous (or infamous) name from her first marriage. In 1927 Sanger helped organize the first World Population Conference in Geneva. In 1942, after several organizational mergers and name changes, Planned Parenthood Federation came into being. Sanger wrote many books and articles on birth control and marriage, and an autobiography (the latter in 1938). Today, organizations and individuals which oppose abortion and, often, birth control, have charged Sanger with eugenicism and racism. Sangers supporters consider the charges exaggerated or false, or the quotes used taken out of context.

Financial Analysis on Nokia from 2008 to 2009 Research Paper

Financial Analysis on Nokia from 2008 to 2009 - Research Paper Example The Working Capital ratios indicate how well the company is able to manage its working capital. "The asset management ratios are also known as working capital ratios or the efficiency ratios. The aim is to measure how effectively the firm is managing its assets." (Netcom, n.d.)The following are some of the working capital ratios which indicate the efficiency of the company in managing its working capital. Liquidity ratio is defined "as a class of financial metrics that are used to determine a company's ability to pay off its short-term debts obligations.Generally, the higher the value of the ratio, the larger is the margin of safety that the company possesses to cover short-term debts." (Investopedia, 2009) The above table indicates that the company has efficiently managed its working capital during the year ending September 2009 as compared to the year 2008. Nokia is maintaining a comfortable current ratio and the current ratio of 1.5 implies that the company has sufficient current assets situation which will enable the company to meet its current liabilities without any problem. However, the company has increased its long-term debts during the year 2009 with the result that there is an increase in this ratio. This implies that the company will incur additional interest costs on borrowed funds. The cash flow to debts situation has therefore moved to an adverse situation in 2009 as co mpared to the earlier year. In 2008 the cash flow position of the company was comfortable enough to settle the short-term and long-term debts in just 7 months. Whereas, with the increase in long-term debts and the cash flow from operations it would take approximately 3.8 years for the company to settle the debts. This is not a good position from the equity shareholders' point of view. However, the purpose for which the long-term funds were mobilized is to be ascertained for a proper justification for the increase in debts. The number of days sales outstanding is another working capital ratio that indicates the efficiency of the working capital management of the company. This ratio has changed from the previous year figure of 70 days to 83 days. This implies that the company has not been able to collect the outstanding accounts receivable as efficiently as it was doing in 2008. However, the increase in credit sales might be another reason for the change in this ratio. When the company has offered more liberal credit terms to its distributors and dealers in order to boost its sales, that situation might have resulted in increased debtors and the consequent increase in the number of days sales outstanding. A weaker sales environment is indicated by the increase in the number of days inventory expressed as a ratio to the cost of goods sold. There is an accumulation of inventory due to lower sales which is indicated by the change in this ratio. Â  

Managing mobile platform proliferation and Smartphone market Dissertation

Managing mobile platform proliferation and Smartphone market fragmentation - Dissertation Example s Figure 1 Wordlwide Mobile Device Sales to End Users by Vendor in 2Q11 (Gartner, 2011) 17 Figure 2 Top Five Mobile Phone Vendors, Shipments, and Market Share, Q3 2011 (IDC, 2011) 19 Figure 3 Worldwide Smartphone Sales to End Users by Operating System (Gartner, 2008) 21 Figure 4 Worldwide Smartphone Sales to End Users by Operating System in 2Q11 (Gartner, 2011) 22 Figure 5 "Very Interested" App Developers for Each Platform (Appcelerator/IDC, 2011) 27 Figure 6 Fluctuations in the Interest of App Developers in Each Platform (Appcelerator/IDC, 2011) 28 Figure 7 Normalized Share of Smartphone Market (Appcelerator/IDC, 2011) 35 Introduction All major digital technologies and media today are geared up to go mobile, thus making the industry the fastest-growing on a global scale (Ahonen, 2011). Companies in this trillion-dollar industry experience greater growth and cut-throat competition. Product development and market acquisition are continuously occurring as existing markets demand for ne w features and applications, while emerging markets have become more receptive to mobile technology. Digital technologies such as computers, the internet and telecommunications are now on mobile devices. Meanwhile, everything that consumers need from entertainment (games, music, television, shopping) to necessities (banking and credit cards) has found a way to be instantly accessible. As a whole, the industry grew by 16.5% in the second quarter of 2011 as vendors shipped 428.7 million units; and12.8% in the third quarter with 393.7 million units shipped compared to 348.9 million units in the third quarter of 2010 (Business Wire, 2011). As of February 2011, there are 5.2 billion active, fully-paid mobile subscriptions, and 3.7 billion unique mobile phone users since most users own two or... From the research it can be comprehended that in a survey conducted by IDC among developers, they have stated that the most important goal for them is to have as much reach as possible. This may be a challenge in a fragmented market since different devices entail different user experiences. More so, these devices reflect the kind of apps that consumers are interested in. Developers cannot aim to write one software and wish it to succeed in a multitude of platforms and devices. First, consider user experience, target demographics and finally, device capabilities. For instance, the apps most popular in iPhone and Android phones are utilitarian in nature. iPad and Android tablets on the other hand leverage on the expanded screen in creating richer engagement. Proper targeting is important in the mobile developing field. Gone are the days when what only matters are the capabilities of the device. Developers must have a profound understanding of its user, user context, cost-benefit to the user and the company, target device and the limitations of the developer. According to IDC, the 2012 mobile industry will be shaped by new content ecosystems, new demographics and lower price points. Because of the fast changing environment, developers must be always updated with the latest not only in terms of technology, but strategic moves of the big players. These things will affect the development environment in the short term but more so in the long run.

The Indian Manufacturing Sector Performance Economics Essay

The Indian Manufacturing Sector Performance Economics Essay Chapter 2 Introduction The manufacturing sector performance has always been the focus of academic and polity debates and especially so in India, due to the deviation of the same from theorized behavior (Developmental theory of transition of economies). Even recently, in the discourse on the recession, its aftermath and revival, the highlight was the manufacturing sector performance, since it is seen to be on retreat (After the 2008 crisis, it regained momentum (from a drop of about 10 percentage points in 2008 09) in 2009 10 at 9.7% (simple average annual growth) but since then it has been on a decline and in 2011 12 it was at 2.5%). The major industries (automobiles, chemicals, machinery equipment, textiles etc.) experiencing receding growth rates has seen the National Manufacturing Policy (2011) (which introduces the NIMZs (in addition to SEZs) to address the infrastructural bottlenecks faced by the industry) and other such critical measures from the government, especially since it fears that a recov ery is unseen in the horizon, given the probable interactive effects of rising interest rates, escalating fuel and input costs, the volatile exchange rate, falling domestic demand, uncertain global economic scenario and policy paralysis (Bhandare, 2011). This importance accorded to the sector arises from three main points, namely, its importance towards macro economic stability, its employment implications (given that the services sector, though the highest contributor to the GDP, contributes only about a quarter of the total employment and given that manufacturing sector employs, unskilled, semi skilled and skilled labour), its forward and backward linkages with the other sectors (which makes it the key to boosting the economys vital signs) and finally due to the emphasis that was placed on it (for an industry led development) by the development theories and Indias early development strategy. As Bhandare, rightly puts it, neither reforming the primary sector nor the leapfrogging of the services sector alone can deliver India a BALANCED and long term (sustainable) development. The idea of self reliance was at the roots of Indias development plans in the immediate decades after independence and this was the reason for the heavy emphasis on developing a strong industrial base for the country and thereby for the heavily monitored and regulated industrial policy regime. The focus and the responsibility to bring about the same (through strategic promotion of the heavy industries), fell on the public sector and as Trivedi et. al (2011) notes, the private sector was to play only a supplementary role. Some notable features of the Restrictive Regime were direct physical controls like capacity licensing, reservation of certain industries to the public sector (or rather the restriction of private sector from certain industries), tariff and non tariff barriers to imports, foreign exchange and investment regulations, other market regulations like MRTP etc. The transition to the Limited Liberalisation Regime (as termed by Burange Yamini, 2011) happened towards the la te 1970s and was marked by a slow shift from direct physical controls to indirect controls through selective delicensing and deregulation, encouraging the private sector in some industries, marginal relaxation of the tariff rates etc. The main aim of the reforms were to unleash the growth potential of the sector since the performance of the sector, prior to the late 70s, mirrored the performance of the economy which was characterized by growth rates which ranged at around 3%, that were infamously dubbed the Hindu growth rate. The Industrial policy regime then followed has been pointed to as the cause for the industrial stagnation by many, including Ahluwalia (1991) who also argues that the 80s reforms succeeded in bringing about a positive shift in the growth path of output and productivity. The 1991 reforms reflected explicit liberalization in the Industrial sector with the New Industrial Policy (1991) and were enacted with the primary intent of wading through the severe fiscal and macro economic crisis that India was mired in, at the time. These reforms were comprehensive and macro economic in nature and structural adjustment and stabilization were at the core of the 90s reforms (Trivedi et. al, 2011). These differences naturally generated expectations of higher growth paths of output and productivity than that of the 80s period. But as they note, the reforms succeeded in pulling the economy out of the crisis and in alleviating the foreign exchange constraint and controlling inflation but not in bringing about an upward shift in the growth of output and productivity. These expectations about the performance results of liberalization stems from the theorized behavior of Liberalisation (from cross country analyses of the effects of liberalization by developmental theorists), especially in developing countries. The logic behind this argument that liberalization leads to growth, especially in developing countries, has been covered by the developmental theory literature under four threads. First being that, liberalization leads to technological improvement which generates more efficient capacity utilization and thereby promotes investment and exports. This eventually leads to more robust output growth. Second theory states that liberalization increases competitive pressure in the economy and this will result in the exit of inefficient firms. The exit of the inefficient tail would leave the average efficiency in the economy higher up and thereby result in better output growth. The third is that liberalisation will release the producers from the disadva ntages of inefficiencies and increase the incentives for geographical diversification which implies capture of new export markets and expansion activities like mergers and acquisitions and these will raise the rate of growth of output of the sector. Another theory that stems from the Hecksher Ohlin model and proposes that liberalization will free the factors of production from inefficient regulations and costs and thereby will benefit the countrys abundant factor. Performance is usually considered synonymous with growth performance and therefore, is always assessed keeping growth as the key measure. Krugman (1994) notes that economic growth is the sum of two sources of growth, namely, increase in inputs and increase in output per unit of inputs (i.e, productivity). Growth Accounting calculates explicit measures of both to calculate what percentage of growth accrues to each input and what percentage to productivity and efficiency. The separate but interdependent concepts of Productivity, Efficiency and Competitiveness are indicators of performance. Growth via improved productivity (and not increased inputs) is the focus of any strategy that aims at sustainable growth and therefore productivity analysis is an integral part of any performance analysis. Mouelhi (2007) considers output growth, employment growth, productivity growth, exports growth and capital intensity growth as the indicators or elements of performance of the manufacturing sector . In this paper we analyse output and employment growth using data from the Annual Survey of industries and productivity growth using prior literature. Motivation Figure 1. Simple Annual Growth in GDP At Factor Cost, Constant Prices, Base Year 2004 05 Source: RBI, Handbook Of Statistics on the Indian Economy From the above figure it could be considered safe to say that the manufacturing sector and its growth rates do (quite heavily) influence the economys growth rate. That is to say, the direction of the manufacturing sector does reflect the mood of the economy or vice versa. Also, it is noted from the movement of the GDP and Share in GDP of both the Industry and Manufacturing sectors that Manufacturing pulls Industry (by a vastly higher measure) as compared to Mining Quarrying And Electricity, Gas Water Supply (namely, the other components of Industry). So it is assumed safe to use the IIP for the analysis under the study. So, it would be imperative to study the movements of the manufacturing sector especially under the current context of uncertainty over the global dynamics and Indias own concerns. Literature on the impact of liberalization is vast and divergent, with disagreements on the results, data quality and data sources, methodology, indicators and their scope, model specification etc. and therefore, as Rodrik (1997) says, the nature of the relationship between trade policy and economic growth remains very much an open question. Theories Examined Despite the aforesaid emphasis on the manufacturing sector in Indian planning outlays and strategies, share of manufacturing in GDP and its growth rate has only been modest at around 16% in 2009 10, from about 13% in 1970 71 and 15% in 1990 91. So, Trivedi et. al (2011) argues that the 90s reforms brought about increase in growth and productivity as did the 80s reforms. But these fell short of expectations especially when considering the fact that the reforms of 1991 were macro economic in nature while those of the 80s were restricted to the fiscal and industrial sector reforms. And further they cite Rodrik and Subramanian (2005) that there has been no structural break in either output or productivity growth since the initiation of the 90s reforms and that the 1980s reforms had resulted in an improved growth performance of Real Gross Output (compared to the Restrictive regime). But though this growth momentum has been maintained in the 1990s, they find no statistically significan t improvement in the same. As noted by Chaudhuri (2009), Nagaraj (2011), Burange Yamini (2011), Kalirajan (2004) and many others, the pattern of manufacturing growth observed before 1991 was that of periods of high growth invariably followed by periods of low growth. The period after 1991 has brought no difference to this trend. The rate is seen to fluctuate widely even in the post-reforms period, registering a decline since the early years, picking up in 1993 and decelerating again in the late 1990s. It has recovered since 2002-03 and fell back after 2007-08. The factors behind this instability of the sector ranges from famines to business cycles to shifts in policy regimes. Chaudhuri (2009) makes the following observations. The (compound annual) rate of growth for the manufacturing sector between 1991-92 and 2007-08 at 7.18% is only marginally higher than that attained during the first three plan periods (6.45%). Taking only the registered manufacturing sector, the increment betw een the periods is negligible at 0.1 %. In fact the growth rate (for the registered manufacturing sector) during 1952-53 to 1964-65 (8.87%) and during 1980-81 to 1990-91 (8.29%) was higher than that in the post-reforms period (between 1992-93 and 2006-07) at 7.99%. Using the Kinked Exponential Model for structural break analysis in growth rates, we find that there is only a marginal difference between the coefficients b1 and b2 which means that there is no substantial structural break in the Manufacturing GDP data. The analysis is for the period from 1980 81 to 2000 01. The kink is analysed at 2 different years, namely, 1990 91 and 1996 97 and no significant break is found in either year. But on analysing the same period for the Manufacturing Value Of Real Gross Output we note the structural break at 1996 97 is significant. The structural break is highly significant if Net Value Added of Manufacturing is brought under the analysis, over the same period. This implies that the analysis backs the argument that there hasnt been any substantial increase in the growth path of the Manufacturing output in the 1990s from that of the 1980s, in terms of Sectoral GDP. But when considering the Value Of Real Gross Output or Value Added of the sector, it seems there has been a structural break in 1996 97. Therefore, the analysis cannot be taken to validate or refute Rodrik and Subrahmanians argument that there hasnt been a structural break in output growth since 1991. Figure 2. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing GDP (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Table 1. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing GDP (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Figure 3. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing RGO (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Table 2. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing RGO (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Figure 4. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing NVA (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Table 3. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing NVA (1980 2000) Table 4. CAGR Of Manufacturing GDP and its Share in GDP Source: Own calculation Table 5. Summary Statistics Of Manufacturing GDP and its Share in GDP Source: Own calculation Table 4, provides the Compound Annual Growth Rates for the different sub periods, from 1950 51 to 2011 12, and it can be seen that there has been only a marginal improvement in the CAGR in the 1990s as compared to that of the 1980s. And as table 5 shows, there has been a decrease in the absolute volatility in the growth in Manufacturing GDP in the 1980s (as seen from the Standard Deviation values) which is followed by an increase in the 90s only to further decline in the 2000s. The relative variability in the period 1991 92 to 2000 01 at 0.87 is higher than that of the previous period at 0.40. Growth rate of Share of the Manufacturing sector in GDP also follows the same trend. Another point worth noting is that there has been a consistent decline in the average growth in share of Manufacturing in GDP and this confirms what has been noted by Kalirajan (2004). Since 1997 98, along with the decelerating growth there has been a decline in the share of manufacturing in total GDP. Al so, as noted by Mani (2011) and Nagaraj (2011), the share of manufacturing sector in GDP was stagnating at around 15% even as the growth of the sector was at around 10% for over five years. Therefore, the data seems to point that the 90s reforms have not led to substantial positive changes in the growth path of output from that of the 80s. Another point to note is that there is an improvement all the figures in the 2000s (starting from the late 90s). Rodrik and Subrahmanian (2005) explains this as the J Curve effect of Productivity and Output growth. The J Curve rationale blames the major structural changes ensuing liberalization (and the adjustment process thereafter) for the initial slowdown in the sector (Hashim et al, 2009). Virmani (2005, 2006) proposed the hypothesis of the J-curve of productivity and output growth following major reforms and the differences in the pattern of productivity that was noticed to be brought about by the pacing of reforms. From empirical evidence we also see that the timing (pace) and sequencing of the reforms impact growth performance. The productivity and output growth path is hypothesized to take the form of a J, S or a hybrid S-J Curve which is explained by the pacing of the reforms (namely, major reforms or gradual reforms). Virmani Hashim (2011) notes that in India, the hypothe sis was proved true during the 1980s but not during the 1990s. Their analysis shows a clear J-curve pattern of total factor productivity growth for Indian manufacturing as predicted by the J- curve hypothesis which, in turn, was reflected in output growth. Nagaraj (2011) puts forth the recurrence of booms and deceleration (in itself) as the pattern of growth in output after finding out that after a (theoretically) expected dip in 1991-92 (on account of the crisis and adjustment), output boomed for four years, peaking in 1995-96 at 13% (following the predicted J curve) and that the boom petered out quite quickly, followed by a steep deceleration for seven years until 2002 03 while the next boom lasted for  ¬Ã‚ ve years, from 2003 04 to 2007 08. As Kochhar et al (2006) notes, India has not confirmed to the development theory of transition economies whereby the usual trend is a massive transfer of unskilled labour from agriculture to manufacturing (or industry). That is, the manufacturing employment post reforms has been stagnant and Indias services sector led growth has been laid to blame for this. Contribution of manufacturing to total employment is the lowest, that is, in India, services sector absorbs more labour than the manufacturing sector. The trend in employment generation of the registered manufacturing sector tells a different story from that of its output generation. Employment in the factory sector has been declining despite the acceleration in the growth rate of output since 2000 01 and in 2003 04 and the figure was 10% lesser than that in 1995 96 (Chaudhuri, 2009). This pans the issue of Jobless Growth that has been (nearly) comprehensively covered by literature bringing forth the issue of growing capital intensity, and cheaper relative price of capital resulting in substitution of labour for capital as the primary cause. This poses a theoretical impasse, since (market oriented) economic policy reforms are conventionally expected to result in an acceleration in the rate of growth of output and productivity thanks to the underlying short term gains in static efficiency (through re-allocation of factors to efficient uses) and dynamic efficiency gains. One view (Goldar, 2000, 2011) says that there is a substantial increase in organised manufacturing employment in the liberalised regime of 1990-91 to 1997- 98 and 2003 04, as compared to the 80s. Nagaraj (2004, 2011) has contradicted this noting that the employment growth when analysed in the same picture as that of capital growth asserts the jobless growth phenomenon. According to him, the whole period can be termed as a period of jobless output growth where output has grown with more capital-intensive technology. Stagnant per capita real wages are said to be another paradox whereby the natural transition of output growth into growth in real wages has not transpired yet in Indian manufacturing thereby raising concerns on lack of domestic demand. Trivedi et. al (2011) note a U trend emerging in the growth of real emoluments (from a revival in the figures from negative rates in the 90s) and the consistent decline in growth in real wages. They consider this to imply increasing compensation to the managerial and supporting staff while the workers face stagnant real per capita wages and raise concerns of inequality and productivity implications. Table 6. CAGR Of Principal Manufacturing Aggregates Source: Own calculation Table 6 confirms the Jobless growth hypothesis which can be found to hold true for all three variables of labour, namely, Number of Workers, Number of Employees and Total Persons Engaged. What is to be noted is not only the definite declining (and negative) growth rates of the 90s, but also that Number of Workers and Number of Employees were on a declining growth path even in the 80s. And that growth in Number of Workers and Total Persons Engaged are seen to revive during the sub period 1999 08. Another major concern is the different patterns exhibited by the growth in wages and that in emoluments. While both are found to be on a declining growth path, the rate of decrease in the growth of emoluments is substantially lesser than the steep and concerning decline in that of wages. The U trend noted by Trivedi et al (2011) cannot be brought forth due to unavailability of data on the same. Some other features of the data under analysis, that are brought out by these summary figures are the decline in the growth of Real Gross Output, Net Value Added and Net Fixed Capital Formation show the same patterns of decline in the 1990 2000 sub period and this extends to the 1995 04 sub period. But the 1999 08 figures of NVA and NFCF show revival. Therefore this analysis seems to come out in support of the J Curve hypothesis of output and productivity growth. Disaggregated Analysis is essential for assessing the structural dynamics of the sector. Guha (2008) noted that the inter temporal comparative analysis of the differences in the growth process at the disaggregated level explains the structural change that has occurred in the manufacturing sector (which in his analysis comes out to be substantial). An S curve pattern is expected to be followed by the growth and TFP in positive response to the reforms, taking the sector from a lower steady state to a higher steady state. At the disaggregated level, we expect a majority of sub-sectors to follow an S-curve pattern, but also some fundamentally non-competitive sectors to project a decline (due to comparative disadvantage). Trends in productivity growth at the (disaggregated) sub-sector level of manufacturing showed a much more varied pattern of growth than at aggregate level. Out of the twenty two sub-sectors analysed in their paper, three followed an S-curve pattern (14%), eight followed a J curve pattern (36%), and ten followed a hybrid S-J pattern (45%). This is to be expected in a situation in which different policy reforms are paced differently and affect different industries to different degrees and the analyses by Guha (2008), Hashim, Kumar Virmani (2009), Kaur Kiran (2008) and others have empirically substantiated the diff erences in interpretation brought about by disaggregate analysis and the differences in impact of the policy reforms on different industries. Also, using dummy variables to determine the effect of reforms on the TFPg across a disaggregated table, they find that according to the Growth Accounting Analysis, there has either been no acceleration or deceleration in all the subsectors (except Metals) and states (except WB and Haryana). But in their analysis using the Production Function Approach, they find that there has been a revival in the TFPg post 90s. But even those figures reiterate that the revival fell much short of the expectations of Liberalization. Table 7. CAGR Of Principal Manufacturing Variables Across Major subsectors Source: Own calculation Table 7 gives the two digit level disaggregated analysis for the Indian manufacturing sector. Only 10 major industries that contributed above 2% as share in output and employment have been considered for the analysis. All industries show revival in the late 90s, with respect to growth in share in manufacturing employment. Dye and Fur industries, Chemical industries, Vehicle industries and Tobacco industries are the only sectors that do not exhibit negative growth rates, though without exception all show declining growth rates in the first two sub periods. In the case of growth in input intensity, all except the tobacco and textiles industry shows an increase in the last sub period (from a declining path, previously) which raises concerns over the sustainability of output growth in the sector. The rise in input intensity seen in the late 90s raises questions about the accuracy of the J curve inference that was reached upon earlier. The Food and Beverages sector shows the tendency of c onsistent decline in growth in RGO and NVA. Equally alarming is the dye and fur products industry which shows a steep decline in growth in share in RGO and NVA from a previously stable position. Vehicles industry is the only industry that manages to without a substantial decline with respect to growth in output. The organized sector contributes only 20% of the total manufacturing output but more than 60% of its output while the unorganized sector accounts for about 80% of the employment but only about 33% of the total output of the manufacturing sector. This duality in the Indian manufacturing sector and the resultant structural dynamics and its implications (in the form of imbalances) finds reference in almost all of the growth performance literature. The sectoral, regional and (especially) structural imbalances in the manufacturing sector is also reflected in the form of the high wage differential between the registered and unregistered sectors, the differential in the employment and output share (respectively) of the two sectors etc. That is, the relative income contribution of the unorganized sector vis a vis the organized sector has been on consistent decline and this affects the labour productivity differentials between the sectors (Trivedi et. al 2011). Data and Methodology This study focuses on the performance of the manufacturing sector using aggregate and disaggregated analysis of it. While keeping the aggregate picture, it examines the component industries to understand the effects of the structural dynamics of the sector on the sectoral aggregates. The period of study is 1981 82 to 2007 08 (though in some cases it is extended to include the periods 1971 72 to 1979 80 and 2008 09 to 2011 12, as a result of data availability). ASI is the main data source on aggregate and disaggregate level data. Data on IIP and GDP is from the RBI Database On Indian Economy. IIP is an index of industrial production and not just manufacturing production, though manufacturing sector is a dominant component of the IIP (contributing over 75% of the total weight) and therefore, additional variables like Value Added, Value of Gross Output and Sectoral GDP are used to complement the accuracy of the inference. Net Fixed Capital Formation series considered for analysis is at book value and not Real NFCF. The sub sectors considered for disaggregate analysis are the Food and Beverages industry, the tobacco industry, the textiles industry, dyeing and fur production industry, the coke refined petroleum and nuclear products industry, chemicals industry, the metal industry, Machinery and equipments industry, Electricals industry and Vehicles (Automobiles) industry. Trivedi et. al (2011) notes that the contribution of TFPg to output growth for the registered manufacturing sector ranges between 13 to 25% using alternative methodologies and therefore the analysis of the same is essential for any comprehensive performance assessment. But since the estimation and analysis of TFPg is vastly out of the scope and time frame of the current study, we confine ourselves to a literature based analysis on the topic. They note that the regional TFPg differences brings home the fact that states without much output growth but falling or negative rates of employment can also show high TFPg rates. Therefore, TFPg cannot be unconditionally used as an indicator of growth performance. TFP levels should be assessed alongside to get a clearer and more accurate picture. In using Dummy variables to determine the impact of the reforms on TFPg by demarcating the pre and post reform periods, they note that it is difficult to isolate the impact of reforms from that of the other factors (that impact TFPg) in the dummy variable analysis and also that the time lags in the impact cannot be taken into consideration, under the same. Conclusions We find that the Indian manufacturing sector is seen to have faced a structural break when considering the growth in Real Gross Output and Net Value Added instead of Sectoral GDP. But this break is in the late 90s which gives basis to the J Curve hypothesis of output and productivity growth. Also the phenomenon of jobless growth is found to have been a feature of the manufacturing employment in the decades post reforms, though latest data (till 2007 08) helps in finding a sign of revival in the same. The disaggregative analysis bringss forth the disturbing trend in growth in input intensity in almost all the industries of the sector, thereby questioning the sustainability of the output growth achieved through liberalization. Tobacco, Dye and Fur, metals and Electricals industries are the only sectors that follow the J Curve pattern with respect to output growth. Indian manufacturing landscape needs to be geared up through expansion, diversification, technological and competitive scaling up and skill enhancement, TFP growth, Efficiency growth and expansion of global footprint, namely, mergers and acquisitions and/or capturing new export markets (in the qualitative side) (Bhandare, 2011). There is a need to improve (all three performance indicators, namely) productivity, efficiency and competitiveness of Indias manufacturing sector. And this needs to be achieved along with improvement in employment growth, keeping in view the demographic theory (the potential demographic dividend) and countrys projected aim of inclusive growth (as declared in the 12th five year plan). With regard to the expectations and fears regarding liberalization, Nagaraj (2011) notes that industrial growth rate has not accelerated, nor has the growth rate of labour-intensive consumer goods gone up; but there has been no de-industrialaization either, as the critics feared.